A Grammar of Fuma
Introduction
Scope and Purpose
This grammar provides a systematic description of the Fuma language (the 1783rd one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.
The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Fuma.
Typological Profile
It has a highly marked collection of glottal, uvular, pharyngeal or epiglottal contrasts, proper polysynthesis, not just singular and plural, but also dual, as well as ergative case marking, i.e., the object of a transitive verb is marked the same as the subject of an intransitive one, and a relatively uncommon VOS word order.Phonology
Phoneme Inventory
Consonants
Fuma has 21 consonant phonemes, a size that falls within a broadly average range.
It has a highly marked collection of glottal, uvular, pharyngeal or epiglottal contrasts, a complete absence of affricates, a strongly reduced sibilant system and a complete absence of phonemic voicing contrasts.The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Fuma. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.
| labial | dental | alveolar | lateral | palatal | velar | uvular | epiglottal | glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stop | p | t | k | q | ʡ | ʔ | |||
| nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ɴ | ||||
| trill/tap/flap | ʜ | ||||||||
| fricative | f | s | h | ||||||
| approximant | ʋ | l | j | ||||||
| click | ᵏǀ | ||||||||
| click, nasal | ᵑǀ |
Vowels
Fuma has 3 vowel qualities. This constitutes a relatively small inventory, with contrasts limited to the vowel categories displayed in the chart. The phonological system relies primarily on these few qualities to encode vocalic distinctions.
It has a fully contrastive long–short vowel distinction across the system, a strikingly compressed height system with only two vowel heights and a full range of vowel qualities even in reduced syllables.The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Fuma. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.
| front | central | back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| close | i | u | |
| open | a |
Stress and Tones
Fuma has neither phonemic stress nor lexical tone. Prosodic prominence and pitch variation are determined by pragmatic and discourse factors rather than by lexical contrasts.
Phonological Processes
Vowel Harmony
The language employs vowel harmony. To be specific, the following vowels change to match the first vowel of the root: /i/ becomes /u/.
Writing System
Introduction
Fuma is normally written using the Latin alphabet, whose familiarity makes it straightforward for most readers. For clarity and precision, phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are also provided throughout this grammar.
Orthography
Here are the various components of the orthography:
Simple letters
| a /a/ | c /ᵏǀ/ | f /f/ | h /h/ |
| i /i/ | j /j/ | k /k/ | l /l/ |
| m /m/ | n /n/ | p /p/ | q /q/ |
| s /s/ | t /t/ | u /u/ | w /ʋ/ |
| ñ /ɲ/ | ɴ /ɴ/ | ʡ /ʡ/ |
Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs
| aa /aː/ | ii /iː/ | nc /ᵑǀ/ |
| ng /ŋ/ | uu /uː/ | ħħ /ʜ/ |
| ’ /ʔ/ |
Word Classes and Morphology
Number and Gender
Number
Fuma distinguishes singular, dual and plural.
Gender
Fuma has the following genders:
Gender masc – for instance: ca ‘book’, ha ‘man’, kaajaa ‘idea’, lasani ‘neck’, ngifaafi ‘umbrella’, nu ‘small’, nuni ‘round’, qa ‘north’, qaastañaa ‘jaguar’, qijati ‘mouse’, spanungi ‘straight’, spu ‘red’, sʡu ‘day’, ti’iina ‘school’, ñalasqa ‘embrace’, ñawima ‘apple’, ħħiingaña ‘smooth’, ɴa ‘bad’, ɴu ‘good’, ʡu ‘whole’.
Gender fem – for instance: catañii ‘anus’, ciʡuma ‘brick’, fa ‘head’, faaskili ‘river’, fiiñahi ‘liver’, fumaa ‘Fuma’, haaspupa ‘faeces’, haspima ‘market’, hu ‘wind’, ncuu ‘leaf’, ngaaħħija ‘knee’, niqisa ‘teacher’, sqipaaɴa ‘lake’, stu ‘water’, waa ‘surface’, wii ‘mouth’, ñuu ‘west’, ħħipufa ‘flower’, ʡaa ‘dog’, ’ii ‘moon’.
The Nominal Phrase
Nominal phrases in Fuma can be exemplified by the following example:
initial XML:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def">
<noun>woman</noun>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>knife</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
<adj>blind</adj>
<num>three</num>
<det>yon</det>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>woman</noun> + <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>knife</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> - <adj>blind</adj> - <num>three</num> - <det>yon</det> + <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
- <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
+ </np>
+ <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module articles:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp role="comitative"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module constorder:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- <pp role="comitative">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
- <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
- </pp>
- </np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
+ <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <pp role="comitative">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+ </pp>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module casemarking:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
+ <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module markowner:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module addgender:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
+ <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="plur">
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="plur">
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
+ </np>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="masc"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp role="comitative"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="masc">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="plur">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="plur" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="plur" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
- <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
+ <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
- <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
+ <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
+ <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/>
</pp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/ta/optionalGot PAST
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for yon/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for blind/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for blind/noun/case/optional
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
About to call getSlotValue for woman/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for woman/noun/case/optional
Got ERG
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for knife/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for knife/noun/case/optional
Got LOC
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
<np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/>
</pp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/> - </pp> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> - <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="t a t u">tatu</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="q i j a t i">qijati</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ŋ i ʡ a">ŋiʡa</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="k uː">kuː</word> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="ᵏǀ i">ᵏǀi</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ʋ u s i">ʋusi</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t u">tu</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="p iː">piː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" ph="ᵏǀ u l i">ᵏǀuli</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ i ɲ a">ʋiɲa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative" ph="p i p u">pipu</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<flat>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="t a t u">tatu</word>
- <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ uː q a" underlying="ʔ iː q a">ʔuːqa</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="q i j a t i">qijati</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ŋ i ʡ a">ŋiʡa</thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="k uː">kuː</word>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="ᵏǀ i">ᵏǀi</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ʋ u s i">ʋusi</word>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ʋ u s u" underlying="ʋ u s i">ʋusu</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t u">tu</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="p iː">piː</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word>
- <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" ph="ᵏǀ u l i">ᵏǀuli</word>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" ph="ᵏǀ u l u" underlying="ᵏǀ u l i">ᵏǀulu</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ i ɲ a">ʋiɲa</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
- <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative" ph="p i p u">pipu</word>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative" ph="p u p u" underlying="p i p u">pupu</word>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="t a t u">tatu</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ uː q a" underlying="ʔ iː q a">ʔuːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="q i j a t i">qijati</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ŋ i ʡ a">ŋiʡa</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="k uː">kuː</word> - <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="ᵏǀ i">ᵏǀi</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ʋ u s u" underlying="ʋ u s i">ʋusu</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="t u">tu</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="p iː">piː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" ph="ᵏǀ u l u" underlying="ᵏǀ u l i">ᵏǀulu</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ i ɲ a">ʋiɲa</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative" ph="p u p u" underlying="p i p u">pupu</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">tatu</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" underlying="ʔ iː q a">ʔuːqa</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS">qijati</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">ŋiʡa</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS">kuː</word> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="owned" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" tr="rheme" case="ABS">ᵏǀi</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="blind" lexposp="adj" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN" underlying="ʋ u s i">ʋusu</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">ʔimi</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="owner" case="GEN">tu</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">piː</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">niɴa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc" underlying="ᵏǀ u l i">ᵏǀulu</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC">ʋiɲa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="masc">tu</word> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative" underlying="p i p u">pupu</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tatu</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qijati</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ŋiʡa</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kuː</span><br><span class="gls">three</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀi</span><br><span class="gls">yon</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋusi</span><br><span class="gls">blind</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔimi</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">piː</span><br><span class="gls">woman</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-niɴa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nifi</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀuli</span><br><span class="gls">knife</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʋiɲa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pipu</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMIT</span></span></span></p> + <p>tatuʔuːqa qijatiŋiʡa kuː ᵏǀi ʋusuʔimi tu piːniɴa tunufu ᵏǀuluʋiɲa tu pupu</p> + <p>tatu’uuqa qijatingiʡa kuu ci wusu’imi tu piiniɴa tunufu culuwiña tu pupu</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>tatu</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qijati</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ŋiʡa</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kuː</o> + <g>three</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵏǀi</o> + <g>yon</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋusi</o> + <g>blind</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔimi</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>piː</o> + <g>woman</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-niɴa</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nifi</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵏǀuli</o> + <g>knife</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʋiɲa</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>pipu</o> + <g>COMIT</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Tatu’uuqa qijatingiʡa kuu ci wusu’imi tu piiniɴa tunufu culuwiña tu pupu. [tatuʔuːqa qijatiŋiʡa kuː ᵏǀi ʋusuʔimi tu piːniɴa tunufu ᵏǀuluʋiɲa tu pupu] tatu catch -ʔiːqa PAST qijati mouse -ŋiʡa plur kuː three ᵏǀi yon ʋusi blind -ʔimi GEN tu the piː woman -niɴa ERG tu the -nifi fem ᵏǀuli knife -ʋiɲa LOC tu the pipu COMIT “The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.” | (1) |
In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.
There are no clitics in the nominal phrase.The Noun
The noun in Fuma consists of first, the root; second, an optional suffix expressing number, comprising -naka /-naka/ ‘dual’ and -ngiʡa /-ŋiʡa/ ‘plur’; and finally, third, an optional suffix expressing case, comprising -niɴa /-niɴa/ ‘ERG’, -’imi /-ʔimi/ ‘GEN’, -miki /-miki/ ‘DAT’, -ʡaapi /-ʡaːpi/ ‘INS’, -ñiima /-ɲiːma/ ‘VOC’, -jasqa /-jasqa/ ‘ALL’, -wiña /-ʋiɲa/ ‘LOC’, -qiha /-qiha/ ‘ABL’ and -haami /-haːmi/ ‘PART’.
The noun displays the following derivational morphology: 39 suffixes, namely -faa /-faː/ ‘little’, -ki /-ki/ ‘big’, -kaa /-kaː/ ‘old’, -ʡaa /-ʡaː/ ‘new’, -sqi /-sqi/ ‘good’, -jaa /-jaː/ ‘bad’, -’a /-ʔa/ ‘make’, -taa /-taː/ ‘help’, -ʡi /-ʡi/ ‘have’, -ña /-ɲa/ ‘use’, -ngaa /-ŋaː/ ‘see’, -ji /-ji/ ‘break’, -wi /-ʋi/ ‘eat’, -ñii /-ɲiː/ ‘drink’, -’ii /-ʔiː/ ‘wear’, -mii /-miː/ ‘own’, -ska /-ska/ ‘contain’, -ñaa /-ɲaː/ ‘hold’, -pii /-piː/ ‘lack’, -ʡa /-ʡa/ ‘touch’, -mi /-mi/ ‘carry’, -’aa /-ʔaː/ ‘find’, -la /-la/ ‘hunt’, -sta /-sta/ ‘guard’, -si /-si/ ‘search’, -fi /-fi/ ‘learn’, -ma /-ma/ ‘teach’, -ħħaa /-ʜaː/ ‘follow’, -ka /-ka/ ‘chase’, -sʡa /-sʡa/ ‘build’, -’i /-ʔi/ ‘burn’, -saa /-saː/ ‘hit’, -wii /-ʋiː/ ‘take’, -ha /-ha/ ‘cut’, -ħħa /-ʜa/ ‘hear’, -ɴaa /-ɴaː/ ‘know’, -pa /-pa/ ‘love’, -qa /-qa/ ‘protect’ and -ñi /-ɲi/ ‘possess’
The Adjective
In Fuma, the adjective has the following structure: the root followed by an optional suffix expressing number, comprising -ngaʡi /-ŋaʡi/ ‘dual’ and -ñita /-ɲita/ ‘plur’.
Numerals
The numeral in Fuma stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
Determiners
In Fuma, the determiner has the following structure: the root followed by an optional suffix expressing gender, comprising -nifi /-nifi/ ‘fem’.
Pronouns
The pronoun in Fuma has the following structure: the root followed by an optional suffix expressing number, comprising -’a’ii /-ʔaʔiː/ ‘dual’ and -kakii /-kakiː/ ‘plur’.
In Fuma, both subject and object pronouns are dropped unless they are stressed. Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:
initial XML:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
submodule transform_verb_obj<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
+ <thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
+ <thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
+ </word>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc"> <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb"> <thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> </word> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc">
<word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc">
- <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
+ <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc">
<thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for girl/verb/ta/optionalGot PRES
About to call getSlotValue for girl/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for girl/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for girl/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for girl/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for girl/verb/comp/optional
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc">
<word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc">
<thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc"> - <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc"> + <flat> <thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> + <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> - </word> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <flat> - <thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> - <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="s iː">siː</word> + <thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph="p a">pa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <flat> - <thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="s iː">siː</word> - <thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph="p a">pa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc">siː</word> + <thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb">pa</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">siː</span><br><span class="gls">girl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-pa</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span></p> + <p>siːpa</p> + <p>siipa</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>siː</o> + <g>girl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-pa</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Siipa. [siːpa] siː girl -pa love “He (the boy) loves her (the girl).” | (2) |
But here, the word corresponding to he is stressed:
initial XML:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
submodule transform_verb_obj<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
+ <thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
+ <thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
+ </word>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc"> <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb"> <thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> </word> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc">
- <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
+ <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc">
<thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for girl/verb/ta/optionalGot PRES
About to call getSlotValue for girl/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for girl/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for girl/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for girl/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for girl/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for 3.sing.masc/pron/number/optional
Got sing
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc">
<word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc">
<thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc"> - <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc"> + <flat> <thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> + <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> - </word> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <flat> - <thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> - <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="s iː">siː</word> + <thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph="p a">pa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS" ph="l a">la</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <flat> - <thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="s iː">siː</word> - <thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph="p a">pa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS" ph="l a">la</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc">siː</word> + <thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb">pa</thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS">la</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">siː</span><br><span class="gls">girl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-pa</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">la</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc</span></span></p> + <p>siːpa la</p> + <p>siipa la</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>siː</o> + <g>girl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-pa</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>la</o> + <g>3.sing.masc</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Siipa la. [siːpa la] siː girl -pa love la 3.sing.masc “He loves her.” | (3) |
And here, it is the one translated as her that is stressed:
initial XML:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
submodule transform_verb_obj<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
+ <thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
+ <thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
+ </word>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc"> <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb"> <thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> </word> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc">
<word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc">
- <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
+ <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc">
<thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for girl/verb/ta/optionalGot PRES
About to call getSlotValue for girl/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for girl/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for girl/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for girl/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for girl/verb/comp/optional
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc">
<word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc">
<thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc"> - <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc"> + <flat> <thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> + <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> - </word> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*."> <flat> - <thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> - <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="s iː">siː</word> + <thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph="p a">pa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="love2her" translation="He loves *her*."> <flat> - <thingy gloss="love₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="s iː">siː</word> - <thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph="p a">pa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="girl" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.masc">siː</word> + <thingy gloss="love₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb">pa</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">siː</span><br><span class="gls">girl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-pa</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span></p> + <p>siːpa</p> + <p>siipa</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>siː</o> + <g>girl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-pa</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Siipa. [siːpa] siː girl -pa love “He loves her.” | (4) |
Proper Nouns
initial XML:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>hate</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>NN1</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>NN2</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>hate</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>NN1</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>NN2</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module casemarking:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for hate/verb/ta/optionalGot PRES
About to call getSlotValue for hate/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for hate/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for hate/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for hate/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for hate/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for NN2/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for NN2/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for NN1/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for NN1/noun/case/optional
Got ERG
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
-<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> +<example id="loveprop" translation="Qifika hates Pilupa."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="ʔ i ʜ i ɲ iː">ʔiʜiɲiː</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Pilupa" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" propernoun="yes" ph="p iː l u p a">piːlupa</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Qifika" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" propernoun="yes" ph="q i f i k a">qifika</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="loveprop" translation="Qifika hates Pilupa.">
<flat>
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="ʔ i ʜ i ɲ iː">ʔiʜiɲiː</word>
<thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="Pilupa" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" propernoun="yes" ph="p iː l u p a">piːlupa</word>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="Pilupa" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" propernoun="yes" ph="p uː l u p a" underlying="p iː l u p a">puːlupa</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word>
- <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="Qifika" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" propernoun="yes" ph="q i f i k a">qifika</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="loveprop" translation="Qifika hates Pilupa."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="ʔ i ʜ i ɲ iː">ʔiʜiɲiː</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="Pilupa" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" propernoun="yes" ph="p uː l u p a" underlying="p iː l u p a">puːlupa</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="Qifika" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" propernoun="yes" ph="q i f i k a">qifika</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc">ʔiʜiɲiː</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Pilupa" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" propernoun="yes" underlying="p iː l u p a">puːlupa</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Qifika" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" propernoun="yes">qifika</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">niɴa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">tu</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʔiʜiɲiː</span><br><span class="gls">hate</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">piːlupa</span><br><span class="gls">Pilupa</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nifi</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qifika</span><br><span class="gls">Qifika</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-niɴa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>ʔiʜiɲiː puːlupa tunufu qifikaniɴa tu</p> + <p>’iħħiñii Puulupa tunufu Qifikaniɴa tu</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ʔiʜiɲiː</o> + <g>hate</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>piːlupa</o> + <g>Pilupa</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nifi</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qifika</o> + <g>Qifika</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-niɴa</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
’iħħiñii Puulupa tunufu Qifikaniɴa tu. [ʔiʜiɲiː puːlupa tunufu qifikaniɴa tu] ʔiʜiɲiː hate piːlupa Pilupa tu the -nifi fem qifika Qifika -niɴa ERG tu the “Qifika hates Pilupa.” | (5) |
Possession
initial XML:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + </np> </example>
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/case/optional
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="ɲ a ʋ i m a">ɲaʋima</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="ɴ uː">ɴuː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="ɲ a ʋ i m a">ɲaʋima</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="ɴ uː">ɴuː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">ɲaʋima</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">tu</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">ɴuː</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">ʔimi</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">tu</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaʋima</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɴuː</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔimi</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>ɲaʋima tu ɴuːʔimi tu</p> + <p>ñawima tu ɴuu’imi tu</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɲaʋima</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɴuː</o> + <g>boy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔimi</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
ñawima tu ɴuu’imi tu [ɲaʋima tu ɴuːʔimi tu] ɲaʋima apple tu the ɴuː boy -ʔimi GEN tu the “the boy’s apple” | (6) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
createpronouns:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module ngen:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> - </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> + </np> </example>
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc"/> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for 3.sing.masc/pron/number/optional
Got sing
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="ɲ a ʋ i m a">ɲaʋima</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="l a">la</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="ɲ a ʋ i m a">ɲaʋima</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="l a">la</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">ɲaʋima</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">tu</word> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="masc" gloss="3.sing.masc" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">la</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaʋima</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">la</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.masc</span></span></p> + <p>ɲaʋima tu la</p> + <p>ñawima tu la</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɲaʋima</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>la</o> + <g>3.sing.masc</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
ñawima tu la [ɲaʋima tu la] ɲaʋima apple tu the la 3.sing.masc “his (the boy’s) apple” | (7) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> - </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + </np> </example>
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for 1excl.sing/pron/number/optional
Got sing
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="ɲ a ʋ i m a">ɲaʋima</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="f u">fu</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="ɲ a ʋ i m a">ɲaʋima</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="f u">fu</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">ɲaʋima</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">tu</word> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">fu</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaʋima</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fu</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span></p> + <p>ɲaʋima tu fu</p> + <p>ñawima tu fu</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɲaʋima</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fu</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
ñawima tu fu [ɲaʋima tu fu] ɲaʋima apple tu the fu 1excl.sing “my apple” | (8) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kiss</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>daughter</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>neighbour</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>son</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kiss</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>daughter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>neighbour</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>son</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
- <np role="subj">
- <np type="owner_owned">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
- </np>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
+ <np role="subj">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module casemarking:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <np role="subj">
+ <np role="subj" case="ERG">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module markowner:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="subj" case="ERG">
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module addgender:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS">
- <np type="owner_owned">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="subj" case="ERG">
- <np type="owner_owned">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <np role="subj" case="ERG">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem">
+ <np role="subj" case="ERG" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="subj" case="ERG" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="subj" case="ERG" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="masc"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="subj" case="ERG" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" case="ERG" number="sing" gender="fem"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="masc">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj" case="ABS">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
- <np role="subj" case="ERG" number="sing" gender="fem">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" role="subj" case="ERG">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="masc" number="sing" role="obj" case="ABS">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
- </np>
- </np>
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" role="subj" case="ERG">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for kiss/verb/ta/optionalGot PAST
About to call getSlotValue for kiss/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for kiss/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for kiss/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for kiss/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for kiss/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for neighbour/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for neighbour/noun/case/optional
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for 2.sing/pron/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/case/optional
Got ERG
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/optional
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="n i f iː s+p aː">nifiːspaː</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="s aː">saː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="f aː t i ʋ a">faːtiʋa</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ʋ uː">ʋuː</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG" ph="ŋ a">ŋa</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="m a ʔ a f aː">maʔafaː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<flat>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="n i f iː s+p aː">nifiːspaː</word>
<thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="s aː">saː</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="f aː t i ʋ a">faːtiʋa</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word>
- <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy>
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ʋ uː">ʋuː</word>
<thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG" ph="ŋ a">ŋa</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG" ph="t u">tu</word>
- <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="m a ʔ a f aː">maʔafaː</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="n i f iː s+p aː">nifiːspaː</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="s aː">saː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="f aː t i ʋ a">faːtiʋa</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ʋ uː">ʋuː</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG" ph="ŋ a">ŋa</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="m a ʔ a f aː">maʔafaː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">nifiːspaː</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">saː</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">tu</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">faːtiʋa</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">ʔimi</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">ʋuː</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG">ŋa</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">niɴa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ERG">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">maʔafaː</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">ʔimi</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">tu</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nifiːspaː</span><br><span class="gls">kiss</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">saː</span><br><span class="gls">son</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">faːtiʋa</span><br><span class="gls">neighbour</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔimi</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nifi</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋuː</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋa</span><br><span class="gls">daughter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-niɴa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nifi</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">maʔafaː</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔimi</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>nifiːspaːʔiːqa saː tu faːtiʋaʔimi tunufu ʋuː ŋaniɴa tunufu maʔafaːʔimi tu</p> + <p>nifiispaa’iiqa saa tu faatiwa’imi tunufu wuu nganiɴa tunufu ma’afaa’imi tu</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>nifiːspaː</o> + <g>kiss</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>saː</o> + <g>son</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>faːtiʋa</o> + <g>neighbour</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔimi</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nifi</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋuː</o> + <g>2.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋa</o> + <g>daughter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-niɴa</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nifi</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>maʔafaː</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔimi</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Nifiispaa’iiqa saa tu faatiwa’imi tunufu wuu nganiɴa tunufu ma’afaa’imi tu. [nifiːspaːʔiːqa saː tu faːtiʋaʔimi tunufu ʋuː ŋaniɴa tunufu maʔafaːʔimi tu] nifiːspaː kiss -ʔiːqa PAST saː son tu the faːtiʋa neighbour -ʔimi GEN tu the -nifi fem ʋuː 2.sing ŋa daughter -niɴa ERG tu the -nifi fem maʔafaː hunter -ʔimi GEN tu the “The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.” | (9) |
Derivation
initial XML:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme">
<noun>lamb</noun>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme"> - <noun>lamb</noun> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="s+ʡ a l a ʋ aː">sʡalaʋaː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="s+ʡ a l a ʋ aː">sʡalaʋaː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">sʡalaʋaː</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʡalaʋaː</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span></p> + <p>sʡalaʋaː</p> + <p>sʡalawaa</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>sʡalaʋaː</o> + <g>lamb</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
sʡalawaa [sʡalaʋaː] sʡalaʋaː lamb “a lamb” | (10) |
initial XML:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme">
<noun>lamb</noun>
<adj>little</adj>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme"> - <noun>lamb</noun> - <adj>little</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </example>The adjective 'little' will be incorporated. Resistance is useless.
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
submodule transform_adj<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</example>module affixdensity:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> + </word> </np> </example>
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> </np> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> + <flat> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - </word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <flat> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="s+ʡ a l a ʋ aː">sʡalaʋaː</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="f aː">faː</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <flat> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="s+ʡ a l a ʋ aː">sʡalaʋaː</word> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="f aː">faː</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">sʡalaʋaː</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj">faː</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʡalaʋaː</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-faː</span><br><span class="gls">little</span></span></p> + <p>sʡalaʋaːfaː</p> + <p>sʡalawaafaa</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>sʡalaʋaː</o> + <g>lamb</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-faː</o> + <g>little</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
sʡalawaafaa [sʡalaʋaːfaː] sʡalaʋaː lamb -faː little “a little lamb” | (11) |
initial XML:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>have</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>lamb</noun>
<adj>little</adj>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>lamb</noun> - <adj>little</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </s> </example>The adjective 'little' will be incorporated. Resistance is useless.
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
- <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
submodule transform_adj<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</s>
</example>submodule transform_verb_obj
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+ <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
+ <thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
+ <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
+ <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
+ <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
+ </word>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
- <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb"> <thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> </word> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
- <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
+ <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/verb/ta/optionalGot PAST
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/verb/comp/optional
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem"> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem"> + <flat> <thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> - </word> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <flat> - <thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="s+ʡ a l a ʋ aː">sʡalaʋaː</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="f aː">faː</thingy> + <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph="ʡ i">ʡi</thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <flat> - <thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="s+ʡ a l a ʋ aː">sʡalaʋaː</word> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="f aː">faː</thingy> - <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph="ʡ i">ʡi</thingy> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">sʡalaʋaː</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj">faː</thingy> + <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb">ʡi</thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">ʔiːqa</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʡalaʋaː</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-faː</span><br><span class="gls">little</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʡi</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span></p> + <p>sʡalaʋaːfaːʡiʔiːqa</p> + <p>sʡalawaafaaʡi’iiqa</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>sʡalaʋaː</o> + <g>lamb</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-faː</o> + <g>little</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʡi</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Sʡalawaafaaʡi’iiqa. [sʡalaʋaːfaːʡiʔiːqa] sʡalaʋaː lamb -faː little -ʡi have -ʔiːqa PAST “She had a little lamb.” | (12) |
initial XML:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>want</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>have</verb>
</vp>
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>lamb</noun>
<adj>little</adj>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>want</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>lamb</noun> - <adj>little</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </subs> </np> </s> </example>The adjective 'little' will be incorporated. Resistance is useless.
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
- <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </subs> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
submodule transform_adj
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>submodule transform_verb_obj
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>submodule transform_verb_verb
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
+ <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
+ <thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
+ <thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
+ <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
+ <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
+ <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
+ <thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
+ </word>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
- <subs>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
- </vp>
- <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
- <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
- </np>
- </subs>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb"> <thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> </word> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
- <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
+ <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/verb/ta/optionalGot PAST
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/verb/comp/optional
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">
<thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem"> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem"> + <flat> <thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> - </word> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <flat> - <thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> - <thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> - <thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="s+ʡ a l a ʋ aː">sʡalaʋaː</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="f aː">faː</thingy> + <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph="ʡ i">ʡi</thingy> + <thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph="s a">sa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <flat> - <thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy gloss="have₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="s+ʡ a l a ʋ aː">sʡalaʋaː</word> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="f aː">faː</thingy> - <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph="ʡ i">ʡi</thingy> - <thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph="s a">sa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.fem">sʡalaʋaː</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj">faː</thingy> + <thingy gloss="have₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb">ʡi</thingy> + <thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb">sa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">ʔiːqa</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʡalaʋaː</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-faː</span><br><span class="gls">little</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʡi</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-sa</span><br><span class="gls">want</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span></p> + <p>sʡalaʋaːfaːʡisaʔiːqa</p> + <p>sʡalawaafaaʡisa’iiqa</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>sʡalaʋaː</o> + <g>lamb</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-faː</o> + <g>little</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʡi</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-sa</o> + <g>want</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Sʡalawaafaaʡisa’iiqa. [sʡalaʋaːfaːʡisaʔiːqa] sʡalaʋaː lamb -faː little -ʡi have -sa want -ʔiːqa PAST “She wanted to have a little lamb.” | (13) |
initial XML:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>want</verb>
<adv>often</adv>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>have</verb>
</vp>
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj">
<noun>lamb</noun>
<adj>little</adj>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>want</verb> - <adv>often</adv> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> + <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj"> - <noun>lamb</noun> - <adj>little</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </subs> </np> </s> </example>The adjective 'little' will be incorporated. Resistance is useless.
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
- <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </subs> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
submodule transform_adj
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>tva1tva1
tva2
tva1
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
- <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
+ <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
+ <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
+ <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
+ </word>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module casemarking:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
- <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
+ <word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
- <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
+ <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for want/verb/ta/optionalGot PAST
About to call getSlotValue for want/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for want/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for want/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for want/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for want/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/comp/optional
Got COMP
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/case/optional
Got ERG
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/> - </vp> - <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - </word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - </np> - </subs> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="s+q uː">squː</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="n i">ni</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="ʋ a s+q a">ʋasqa</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="s+ʡ a l a ʋ aː">sʡalaʋaː</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="f aː">faː</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<flat>
<word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="s+q uː">squː</word>
- <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ uː q a" underlying="ʔ iː q a">ʔuːqa</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="n i">ni</word>
<word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="ʋ a s+q a">ʋasqa</word>
<thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="s+ʡ a l a ʋ aː">sʡalaʋaː</word>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="f aː">faː</thingy>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="s+q uː">squː</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ uː q a" underlying="ʔ iː q a">ʔuːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="n i">ni</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="ʋ a s+q a">ʋasqa</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="s+ʡ a l a ʋ aː">sʡalaʋaː</word> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="f aː">faː</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">squː</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" underlying="ʔ iː q a">ʔuːqa</thingy> + <word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">ni</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem">ʋasqa</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP">spiŋaː</thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">sʡalaʋaː</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj">faː</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">niɴa</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">squː</span><br><span class="gls">want</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ni</span><br><span class="gls">often</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋasqa</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-spiŋaː</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʡalaʋaː</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-faː</span><br><span class="gls">little</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-niɴa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span></p> + <p>squːʔuːqa ni ʋasqaʔiːqaspiŋaː sʡalaʋaːfaːniɴa</p> + <p>squu’uuqa ni wasqa’iiqaspingaa sʡalawaafaaniɴa</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>squː</o> + <g>want</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ni</o> + <g>often</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋasqa</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-spiŋaː</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sʡalaʋaː</o> + <g>lamb</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-faː</o> + <g>little</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-niɴa</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Squu’uuqa ni wasqa’iiqaspingaa sʡalawaafaaniɴa. [squːʔuːqa ni ʋasqaʔiːqaspiŋaː sʡalaʋaːfaːniɴa] squː want -ʔiːqa PAST ni often ʋasqa have -ʔiːqa PAST -spiŋaː COMP sʡalaʋaː lamb -faː little -niɴa ERG “She often wanted to have a little lamb.” | (14) |
initial XML:
<example id="lamb5" translation="Are you not one of those who thought that she often wanted to have a little lamb?">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-state" question="yes" negation="yes">
<verb>be</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>think</verb>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>want</verb>
<adv>often</adv>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>have</verb>
</vp>
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj">
<noun>lamb</noun>
<adj>little</adj>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb5" translation="Are you not one of those who thought that she often wanted to have a little lamb?"> <s> - <vp tam="pres-state" question="yes" negation="yes"> - <verb>be</verb> + <vp question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>think</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="think"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>want</verb> - <adv>often</adv> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> + <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj"> - <noun>lamb</noun> - <adj>little</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </subs> </np> </subs> </np> </subs> </np> </s> </example>The adjective 'little' will be incorporated. Resistance is useless.
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="lamb5" translation="Are you not one of those who thought that she often wanted to have a little lamb?">
<s>
<vp question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="think"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
- <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="lamb5" translation="Are you not one of those who thought that she often wanted to have a little lamb?"> <s> - <vp question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="think"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </subs> </np> </subs> </np> </subs> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
<example id="lamb5" translation="Are you not one of those who thought that she often wanted to have a little lamb?">
<s>
<vp question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="think"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
submodule transform_adj
<example id="lamb5" translation="Are you not one of those who thought that she often wanted to have a little lamb?">
<s>
<vp question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="think"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
<example id="lamb5" translation="Are you not one of those who thought that she often wanted to have a little lamb?">
<s>
<vp question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="think"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
- <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
+ <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
+ <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
+ <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
+ </word>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="lamb5" translation="Are you not one of those who thought that she often wanted to have a little lamb?">
<s>
<vp question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="think"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ </np>
</subs>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module casemarking:
<example id="lamb5" translation="Are you not one of those who thought that she often wanted to have a little lamb?">
<s>
<vp question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="think"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="lamb5" translation="Are you not one of those who thought that she often wanted to have a little lamb?">
<s>
<vp question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="think"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
<example id="lamb5" translation="Are you not one of those who thought that she often wanted to have a little lamb?">
<s>
<vp question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="think"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="lamb5" translation="Are you not one of those who thought that she often wanted to have a little lamb?">
<s>
<vp question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="think"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="lamb5" translation="Are you not one of those who thought that she often wanted to have a little lamb?"> <s> - <vp question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="2.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/> </vp> <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="think"/> </vp> <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/> </vp> <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/> </np> </subs> </np> </subs> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="lamb5" translation="Are you not one of those who thought that she often wanted to have a little lamb?">
<s>
<vp question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="2.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="think"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ABS" person="2">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb5" translation="Are you not one of those who thought that she often wanted to have a little lamb?">
<s>
<vp question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="2.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="be"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="be" question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="2.sing"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="think"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="think" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
- <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
+ <word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
- <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
+ <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem"/>
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/ta/optionalGot PRES
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/negation/optional
Got NEG
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/question/optional
Got Q
About to call getSlotValue for be/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for think/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for think/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for think/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for think/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for think/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for think/verb/comp/optional
Got COMP
About to call getSlotValue for want/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for want/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for want/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for want/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for want/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for want/verb/comp/optional
Got COMP
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/comp/optional
Got COMP
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/case/optional
Got ERG
About to call getSlotValue for 3.sing.fem/pron/number/optional
Got sing
<example id="lamb5" translation="Are you not one of those who thought that she often wanted to have a little lamb?">
<s>
<vp question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="2.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="be" question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="2.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="NEG"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="Q"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="think" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"/>
+ <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb5" translation="Are you not one of those who thought that she often wanted to have a little lamb?"> - <s> - <vp question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="2.sing"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="be" question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="2.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="NEG"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="Q"/> - </vp> - <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="think" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - </vp> - <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> <word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/> - </vp> - <np role="obj" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - </word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - </np> - </subs> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - </subs> - </np> - </subs> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb5" translation="Are you not one of those who thought that she often wanted to have a little lamb?"> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="2.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="NEG"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="think" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - <word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="2.sing" ph="ᵏǀ iː">ᵏǀiː</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="NEG" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ a ɴ i">ʋaɴi</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="Q" attach="suffix" ph="l aː s+p iː">laːspiː</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="think" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" ph="k aː ʡ iː">kaːʡiː</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="s+q uː">squː</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy> + <word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="n i">ni</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="ʋ a s+q a">ʋasqa</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="s+ʡ a l a ʋ aː">sʡalaʋaː</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="f aː">faː</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" ph="j aː">jaː</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="lamb5" translation="Are you not one of those who thought that she often wanted to have a little lamb?">
<flat>
<word posp="verb" gloss="be" question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="2.sing" ph="ᵏǀ iː">ᵏǀiː</word>
<thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="NEG" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ a ɴ i">ʋaɴi</thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="Q" attach="suffix" ph="l aː s+p iː">laːspiː</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="think" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" ph="k aː ʡ iː">kaːʡiː</word>
<thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="s+q uː">squː</word>
- <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ uː q a" underlying="ʔ iː q a">ʔuːqa</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="n i">ni</word>
<word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="ʋ a s+q a">ʋasqa</word>
<thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy>
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy>
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="s+ʡ a l a ʋ aː">sʡalaʋaː</word>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="f aː">faː</thingy>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy>
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" ph="j aː">jaː</word>
<thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="lamb5" translation="Are you not one of those who thought that she often wanted to have a little lamb?"> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="be" question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="2.sing" ph="ᵏǀ iː">ᵏǀiː</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="NEG" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ a ɴ i">ʋaɴi</thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="Q" attach="suffix" ph="l aː s+p iː">laːspiː</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="think" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" ph="k aː ʡ iː">kaːʡiː</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="s+q uː">squː</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ uː q a" underlying="ʔ iː q a">ʔuːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy> - <word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="n i">ni</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="ʋ a s+q a">ʋasqa</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="s+ʡ a l a ʋ aː">sʡalaʋaː</word> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="f aː">faː</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" ph="j aː">jaː</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="be" question="Q" negation="NEG" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="2.sing">ᵏǀiː</word> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="NEG">ʋaɴi</thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="Q">laːspiː</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="think" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc">kaːʡiː</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP">spiŋaː</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">squː</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" underlying="ʔ iː q a">ʔuːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP">spiŋaː</thingy> + <word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">ni</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="3.sing.fem">ʋasqa</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP">spiŋaː</thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">sʡalaʋaː</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj">faː</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">niɴa</thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="fem" gloss="3.sing.fem" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">jaː</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀiː</span><br><span class="gls">be</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʋaɴi</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NEG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-laːspiː</span><br><span class="gls">Q</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kaːʡiː</span><br><span class="gls">think</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-spiŋaː</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">squː</span><br><span class="gls">want</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-spiŋaː</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ni</span><br><span class="gls">often</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋasqa</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-spiŋaː</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʡalaʋaː</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-faː</span><br><span class="gls">little</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-niɴa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jaː</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.fem</span></span></p> + <p>ᵏǀiːʋaɴilaːspiː kaːʡiːʔiːqaspiŋaː squːʔuːqaspiŋaː ni ʋasqaʔiːqaspiŋaː sʡalaʋaːfaːniɴa jaː</p> + <p>ciiwaɴilaaspii kaaʡii’iiqaspingaa squu’uuqaspingaa ni wasqa’iiqaspingaa sʡalawaafaaniɴa jaa</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ᵏǀiː</o> + <g>be</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʋaɴi</o> + <g>NEG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-laːspiː</o> + <g>Q</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kaːʡiː</o> + <g>think</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-spiŋaː</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>squː</o> + <g>want</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-spiŋaː</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ni</o> + <g>often</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋasqa</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-spiŋaː</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sʡalaʋaː</o> + <g>lamb</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-faː</o> + <g>little</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-niɴa</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jaː</o> + <g>3.sing.fem</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ciiwaɴilaaspii kaaʡii’iiqaspingaa squu’uuqaspingaa ni wasqa’iiqaspingaa sʡalawaafaaniɴa jaa? [ᵏǀiːʋaɴilaːspiː kaːʡiːʔiːqaspiŋaː squːʔuːqaspiŋaː ni ʋasqaʔiːqaspiŋaː sʡalaʋaːfaːniɴa jaː] ᵏǀiː be -ʋaɴi NEG -laːspiː Q kaːʡiː think -ʔiːqa PAST -spiŋaː COMP squː want -ʔiːqa PAST -spiŋaː COMP ni often ʋasqa have -ʔiːqa PAST -spiŋaː COMP sʡalaʋaː lamb -faː little -niɴa ERG jaː 3.sing.fem “Are you not one of those who thought that she often wanted to have a little lamb?” | (15) |
Compounding
Verbs
Inflectional Categories
There are no clitics in the verbal phrase.In addition, the verb is structured like this: first, the root; second, an optional suffix expressing ta, comprising -’iiqa /-ʔiːqa/ ‘PAST’; third, an optional suffix expressing mode, comprising -ɴaħħi /-ɴaʜi/ ‘imperative’, -mafa /-mafa/ ‘conditional’ and -siiqi /-siːqi/ ‘optative’; fourth, an optional suffix expressing voice, comprising -naħħi /-naʜi/ ‘passive’; fifth, an optional suffix expressing negation, comprising -waɴi /-ʋaɴi/ ‘NEG’; sixth, an optional suffix expressing question, comprising -laaspii /-laːspiː/ ‘Q’; and finally, seventh, an optional suffix expressing comp, comprising -spingaa /-spiŋaː/ ‘COMP’.
The verb displays the following derivational morphology: 19 suffixes, namely -ta /-ta/ ‘begin’, -wa /-ʋa/ ‘stop’, -qaa /-qaː/ ‘continue’, -nga /-ŋa/ ‘try’, -li /-li/ ‘start’, -sa /-sa/ ‘want’, -ngii /-ŋiː/ ‘can’, -ti /-ti/ ‘finish’, -ni /-ni/ ‘need’, -haa /-haː/ ‘decide’, -ɴi /-ɴi/ ‘fail’, -jii /-jiː/ ‘hope’, -pi /-pi/ ‘must’, -fii /-fiː/ ‘pretend’, -ɴa /-ɴa/ ‘let’, -naa /-naː/ ‘force’, -kii /-kiː/ ‘keep’, -ħħi /-ʜi/ ‘cause’ and -ngi /-ŋi/ ‘allow’
initial XML:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
- </np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module casemarking:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" person="2">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/>
- </np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/ta/optionalGot PRES
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/comp/optional
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing" ph="q i l aː">qilaː</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing" ph="q i l aː">qilaː</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing">qilaː</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qilaː</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span></p> + <p>qilaː</p> + <p>qilaa</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>qilaː</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Qilaa. [qilaː] qilaː love “I love you.” | (16) |
Adverbs Minor Classes
Adpositions
There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.
initial XML:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing">
<noun>table</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>table</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </example>
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+ <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/>
</pp>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for table/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for table/noun/case/optional
Got LOC
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
</np>
<word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/>
</pp>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - </np> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" ph="j u m i">jumi</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ i ɲ a">ʋiɲa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes" ph="h a">ha</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" ph="j u m i">jumi</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" ph="j u m u" underlying="j u m i">jumu</word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ i ɲ a">ʋiɲa</thingy> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes" ph="h a">ha</word> </flat> </example>
removetags:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" ph="j u m u" underlying="j u m i">jumu</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ i ɲ a">ʋiɲa</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> - <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes" ph="h a">ha</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" underlying="j u m i">jumu</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC">ʋiɲa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> + <word gloss="in_surface" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">ha</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jumi</span><br><span class="gls">table</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʋiɲa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nifi</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ha</span><br><span class="gls">in_surface</span></span></p> + <p>jumuʋiɲa tunufu ha</p> + <p>jumuwiña tunufu ha</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>jumi</o> + <g>table</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʋiɲa</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nifi</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ha</o> + <g>in_surface</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
jumuwiña tunufu ha [jumuʋiɲa tunufu ha] jumi table -ʋiɲa LOC tu the -nifi fem ha in_surface “on the table” | (17) |
initial XML:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing">
<noun>box</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>box</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </example>
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC"> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+ <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/>
</pp>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for box/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for box/noun/case/optional
Got LOC
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
</np>
<word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/>
</pp>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> - <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - </np> <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" ph="q a l u ʡ a">qaluʡa</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ i ɲ a">ʋiɲa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy> + <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes" ph="f a">fa</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<flat>
<word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" ph="q a l u ʡ a">qaluʡa</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ i ɲ a">ʋiɲa</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word>
- <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy>
<word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes" ph="f a">fa</word>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" ph="q a l u ʡ a">qaluʡa</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC" attach="suffix" ph="ʋ i ɲ a">ʋiɲa</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> - <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes" ph="f a">fa</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem">qaluʡa</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="LOC">ʋiɲa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="fem">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> + <word gloss="to_inside" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">fa</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qaluʡa</span><br><span class="gls">box</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʋiɲa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">LOC</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nifi</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fa</span><br><span class="gls">to_inside</span></span></p> + <p>qaluʡaʋiɲa tunufu fa</p> + <p>qaluʡawiña tunufu fa</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>qaluʡa</o> + <g>box</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʋiɲa</o> + <g>LOC</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nifi</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fa</o> + <g>to_inside</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
qaluʡawiña tunufu fa [qaluʡaʋiɲa tunufu fa] qaluʡa box -ʋiɲa LOC tu the -nifi fem fa to_inside “into the box” | (18) |
initial XML:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </example>
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
</pp>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> </pp> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/>
</pp>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for 1excl.sing/pron/number/optionalGot sing
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC"/>
+ <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/>
</pp>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> - <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" person="1excl"> + <flat> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="f u">fu</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative" ph="p i p u">pipu</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<flat>
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="f u">fu</word>
<thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
- <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative" ph="p i p u">pipu</word>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative" ph="p u p u" underlying="p i p u">pupu</word>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <flat> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" ph="f u">fu</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative" ph="p u p u" underlying="p i p u">pupu</word> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC">fu</word> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative" underlying="p i p u">pupu</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fu</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">pipu</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMIT</span></span></span></p> + <p>fu pupu</p> + <p>fu pupu</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>fu</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>pipu</o> + <g>COMIT</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
fu pupu [fu pupu] fu 1excl.sing pipu COMIT “with me” | (19) |
Syntax
Basic Clause Structure
Constituent Order
Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.
Fuma displays Verb–Object–Subject (VOS) as its primary word order. The verb is followed by the object, with the subject appearing clause-finally. Although relatively uncommon, VOS is well documented cross-linguistically.
The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Fuma.
initial XML:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kill</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj">
<noun>jaguar</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kill</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj"> - <noun>jaguar</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module casemarking:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.masc">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/ta/optionalGot PAST
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/case/optional
Got ERG
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.masc"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.masc"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="h aː m iː">haːmiː</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="m a ʔ a f aː">maʔafaː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="q aː s+t a ɲ aː">qaːstaɲaː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="h aː m iː">haːmiː</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="m a ʔ a f aː">maʔafaː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="q aː s+t a ɲ aː">qaːstaɲaː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.masc">haːmiː</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">maʔafaː</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">tu</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">qaːstaɲaː</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">niɴa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">tu</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">haːmiː</span><br><span class="gls">kill</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">maʔafaː</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qaːstaɲaː</span><br><span class="gls">jaguar</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-niɴa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>haːmiːʔiːqa maʔafaː tu qaːstaɲaːniɴa tu</p> + <p>haamii’iiqa ma’afaa tu qaastañaaniɴa tu</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>haːmiː</o> + <g>kill</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>maʔafaː</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qaːstaɲaː</o> + <g>jaguar</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-niɴa</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Haamii’iiqa ma’afaa tu qaastañaaniɴa tu. [haːmiːʔiːqa maʔafaː tu qaːstaɲaːniɴa tu] haːmiː kill -ʔiːqa PAST maʔafaː hunter tu the qaːstaɲaː jaguar -niɴa ERG tu the “The jaguar killed the hunter.” | (20) |
initial XML:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj">
<noun>lion</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>daughter</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>dog</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj"> - <noun>lion</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>daughter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>dog</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module casemarking:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module markowner:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module addgender:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS">
- <np type="owner_owned">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
+ </np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="fem"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS" number="sing" gender="fem">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" role="obj" case="ABS">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="fem" number="sing" role="obj" case="ABS">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
- </np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/ta/optionalGot PAST
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for dog/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for dog/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/case/optional
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/optional
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/case/optional
Got ERG
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="ʡ a s+p a">ʡaspa</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="ʡ aː">ʡaː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="ŋ a">ŋa</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="m a ʔ a f aː">maʔafaː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="h i ɴ u j a">hiɴuja</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<flat>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="ʡ a s+p a">ʡaspa</word>
<thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="ʡ aː">ʡaː</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word>
- <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="ŋ a">ŋa</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word>
- <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="m a ʔ a f aː">maʔafaː</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="h i ɴ u j a">hiɴuja</word>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="h u ɴ u j a" underlying="h i ɴ u j a">huɴuja</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="ʡ a s+p a">ʡaspa</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="ʡ aː">ʡaː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="ŋ a">ŋa</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="m a ʔ a f aː">maʔafaː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="h u ɴ u j a" underlying="h i ɴ u j a">huɴuja</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc">ʡaspa</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS">ʡaː</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="fem" case="ABS">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">ŋa</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">ʔimi</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">maʔafaː</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">ʔimi</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="masc">tu</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" underlying="h i ɴ u j a">huɴuja</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">niɴa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">tu</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʡaspa</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʡaː</span><br><span class="gls">dog</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nifi</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋa</span><br><span class="gls">daughter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔimi</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nifi</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">maʔafaː</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔimi</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hiɴuja</span><br><span class="gls">lion</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-niɴa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>ʡaspaʔiːqa ʡaː tunufu ŋaʔimi tunufu maʔafaːʔimi tu huɴujaniɴa tu</p> + <p>ʡaspa’iiqa ʡaa tunufu nga’imi tunufu ma’afaa’imi tu huɴujaniɴa tu</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ʡaspa</o> + <g>eat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʡaː</o> + <g>dog</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nifi</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ŋa</o> + <g>daughter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔimi</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nifi</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>maʔafaː</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔimi</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hiɴuja</o> + <g>lion</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-niɴa</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
ʡaspa’iiqa ʡaa tunufu nga’imi tunufu ma’afaa’imi tu huɴujaniɴa tu. [ʡaspaʔiːqa ʡaː tunufu ŋaʔimi tunufu maʔafaːʔimi tu huɴujaniɴa tu] ʡaspa eat -ʔiːqa PAST ʡaː dog tu the -nifi fem ŋa daughter -ʔimi GEN tu the -nifi fem maʔafaː hunter -ʔimi GEN tu the hiɴuja lion -niɴa ERG tu the “The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.” | (21) |
The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.
Noun Phrases
Structure and Order
The internal structure of noun phrases in Fuma reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.
Possessive constructions are head-initial: the possessed noun precedes the possessor. For instance, Fuma expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “toy child”. This structure is typologically rarer and often co-occurs with verb-initial syntax or with grammatical marking on the noun.
initial XML:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>son</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>friend</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>book</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>son</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>friend</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>book</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> </np> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="ABS">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module addgender:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + </np> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="fem" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="masc" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> - </np> - </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for book/noun/number/optionalGot sing
About to call getSlotValue for book/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for friend/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for friend/noun/case/optional
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/case/optional
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for 2.sing/pron/number/optional
Got sing
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"> + <flat> <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="ᵏǀ a">ᵏǀa</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="s i">si</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="s aː">saː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ʋ uː">ʋuː</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<flat>
<word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="ᵏǀ a">ᵏǀa</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="s i">si</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word>
- <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="s aː">saː</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ʋ uː">ʋuː</word>
<thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <flat> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="ᵏǀ a">ᵏǀa</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="s i">si</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="s aː">saː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ i m i">ʔimi</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ʋ uː">ʋuː</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">ᵏǀa</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="masc" case="ABS">tu</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">si</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">ʔimi</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="fem">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">saː</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="GEN">ʔimi</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="masc">tu</word> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">ʋuː</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀa</span><br><span class="gls">book</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">si</span><br><span class="gls">friend</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔimi</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nifi</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">saː</span><br><span class="gls">son</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔimi</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋuː</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing</span></span></p> + <p>ᵏǀa tu siʔimi tunufu saːʔimi tu ʋuː</p> + <p>ca tu si’imi tunufu saa’imi tu wuu</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ᵏǀa</o> + <g>book</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>si</o> + <g>friend</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔimi</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nifi</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>saː</o> + <g>son</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔimi</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋuː</o> + <g>2.sing</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
ca tu si’imi tunufu saa’imi tu wuu [ᵏǀa tu siʔimi tunufu saːʔimi tu ʋuː] ᵏǀa book tu the si friend -ʔimi GEN tu the -nifi fem saː son -ʔimi GEN tu the ʋuː 2.sing “your son’s friend’s book” | (22) |
Case Marking
Fuma uses ergative–absolutive case marking. The subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb are treated alike and take the absolutive case, while the subject of a transitive verb is marked with the ergative case. From the point of view of such a system, this is a perfectly natural way to organise the clause: the absolutive marks the participant most directly involved in the event or state, while the ergative marks the additional participant that causes or controls a transitive event.
initial XML:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-state">
<verb>sleep</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-state"> - <verb>sleep</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for sleep/verb/ta/optionalGot PRES
About to call getSlotValue for sleep/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for sleep/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for sleep/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for sleep/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for sleep/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="ŋ i ʜ a">ŋiʜa</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="t iː">tiː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<flat>
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="ŋ i ʜ a">ŋiʜa</word>
<thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="t iː">tiː</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word>
- <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="ŋ i ʜ a">ŋiʜa</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="t iː">tiː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem">ŋiʜa</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">tiː</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋiʜa</span><br><span class="gls">sleep</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tiː</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nifi</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span></p> + <p>ŋiʜa tiː tunufu</p> + <p>ngiħħa tii tunufu</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ŋiʜa</o> + <g>sleep</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tiː</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nifi</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ngiħħa tii tunufu. [ŋiʜa tiː tunufu] ŋiʜa sleep tiː cat tu the -nifi fem “The cat is sleeping.” | (23) |
initial XML:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont">
<verb>run</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont"> - <verb>run</verb> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for run/verb/ta/optionalGot PRES
About to call getSlotValue for run/verb/mode/optional
About to call getSlotValue for run/verb/voice/optional
About to call getSlotValue for run/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for run/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for run/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> - <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="ᵏǀ aː">ᵏǀaː</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="t iː">tiː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<flat>
<word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="ᵏǀ aː">ᵏǀaː</word>
<thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="t iː">tiː</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word>
- <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="ᵏǀ aː">ᵏǀaː</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="t iː">tiː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.fem">ᵏǀaː</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">tiː</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀaː</span><br><span class="gls">run</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tiː</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nifi</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span></p> + <p>ᵏǀaː tiː tunufu</p> + <p>caa tii tunufu</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ᵏǀaː</o> + <g>run</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tiː</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nifi</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Caa tii tunufu. [ᵏǀaː tiː tunufu] ᵏǀaː run tiː cat tu the -nifi fem “The cat is running.” | (24) |
initial XML:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont">
<verb>chase</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont"> - <verb>chase</verb> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module casemarking:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for chase/verb/ta/optionalGot PRES
About to call getSlotValue for chase/verb/mode/optional
About to call getSlotValue for chase/verb/voice/optional
About to call getSlotValue for chase/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for chase/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for chase/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/optional
Got ERG
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> - <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="ᵏǀ a ɴ a n i">ᵏǀaɴani</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="q i j a t i">qijati</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="t iː">tiː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<flat>
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="ᵏǀ a ɴ a n i">ᵏǀaɴani</word>
<thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="q i j a t i">qijati</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="t iː">tiː</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word>
- <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="ᵏǀ a ɴ a n i">ᵏǀaɴani</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="q i j a t i">qijati</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="t iː">tiː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">ᵏǀaɴani</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">qijati</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">tu</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">tiː</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">niɴa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǀaɴani</span><br><span class="gls">chase</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qijati</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tiː</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-niɴa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nifi</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span></p> + <p>ᵏǀaɴani qijati tu tiːniɴa tunufu</p> + <p>caɴani qijati tu tiiniɴa tunufu</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ᵏǀaɴani</o> + <g>chase</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qijati</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tiː</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-niɴa</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nifi</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Caɴani qijati tu tiiniɴa tunufu. [ᵏǀaɴani qijati tu tiːniɴa tunufu] ᵏǀaɴani chase qijati mouse tu the tiː cat -niɴa ERG tu the -nifi fem “The cat is chasing the mouse.” | (25) |
initial XML:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module casemarking:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/ta/optionalGot PAST
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/optional
Got ERG
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="t a t u">tatu</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="q i j a t i">qijati</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="t iː">tiː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<flat>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="t a t u">tatu</word>
- <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ uː q a" underlying="ʔ iː q a">ʔuːqa</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="q i j a t i">qijati</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="t iː">tiː</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word>
- <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem" ph="t a t u">tatu</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ uː q a" underlying="ʔ iː q a">ʔuːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="q i j a t i">qijati</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="t iː">tiː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.masc" subj="3.sing.fem">tatu</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" underlying="ʔ iː q a">ʔuːqa</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">qijati</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">tu</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">tiː</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">niɴa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="fem">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tatu</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qijati</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tiː</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-niɴa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nifi</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span></p> + <p>tatuʔuːqa qijati tu tiːniɴa tunufu</p> + <p>tatu’uuqa qijati tu tiiniɴa tunufu</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>tatu</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qijati</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tiː</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-niɴa</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nifi</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Tatu’uuqa qijati tu tiiniɴa tunufu. [tatuʔuːqa qijati tu tiːniɴa tunufu] tatu catch -ʔiːqa PAST qijati mouse tu the tiː cat -niɴa ERG tu the -nifi fem “The cat caught the mouse.” | (26) |
Conjunctions
Here is an example of a conjunction.
initial XML:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kill</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>jaguar</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>tiger</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>lion</noun>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kill</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>jaguar</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>tiger</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>lion</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module casemarking:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<conjp conj="and">
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="masc">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="plur">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="plur">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flattenconjp:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="plur">
- <conjp conj="and">
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
+ <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
+ <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc">
+ <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </conjp>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.masc" subj="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="plur"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.masc" subj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="plur">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.masc" subj="3.sing.masc">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.masc" subj="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/ta/optionalGot PAST
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for tiger/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for tiger/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/number/optional
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/optional
Got ERG
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.masc" subj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.masc" subj="3.sing.masc"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.masc" subj="3.sing.masc"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.masc" subj="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.masc" subj="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.masc" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="h aː m iː">haːmiː</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="q aː s+t a ɲ aː">qaːstaɲaː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ŋ i ʡ a">ŋiʡa</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="n aː">naː</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="ɴ aː ʡ aː p iː">ɴaːʡaːpiː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ŋ i ʡ a">ŋiʡa</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="n aː">naː</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="h i ɴ u j a">hiɴuja</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ŋ i ʡ a">ŋiʡa</thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="m a ʔ a f aː">maʔafaː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<flat>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.masc" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="h aː m iː">haːmiː</word>
<thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="q aː s+t a ɲ aː">qaːstaɲaː</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ŋ i ʡ a">ŋiʡa</thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="n aː">naː</word>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="ɴ aː ʡ aː p iː">ɴaːʡaːpiː</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ŋ i ʡ a">ŋiʡa</thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="n aː">naː</word>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="h i ɴ u j a">hiɴuja</word>
- <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ŋ i ʡ a">ŋiʡa</thingy>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="h u ɴ u j a" underlying="h i ɴ u j a">huɴuja</word>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ŋ u ʡ a" underlying="ŋ i ʡ a">ŋuʡa</thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="m a ʔ a f aː">maʔafaː</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.masc" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="h aː m iː">haːmiː</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="q aː s+t a ɲ aː">qaːstaɲaː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ŋ i ʡ a">ŋiʡa</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="n aː">naː</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="ɴ aː ʡ aː p iː">ɴaːʡaːpiː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ŋ i ʡ a">ŋiʡa</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="n aː">naː</word> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="h u ɴ u j a" underlying="h i ɴ u j a">huɴuja</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="ŋ u ʡ a" underlying="ŋ i ʡ a">ŋuʡa</thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="m a ʔ a f aː">maʔafaː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.plur.masc" subj="3.sing.masc">haːmiː</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">qaːstaɲaː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">ŋiʡa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">tu</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">naː</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">ɴaːʡaːpiː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">ŋiʡa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">tu</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">naː</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" underlying="h i ɴ u j a">huɴuja</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" underlying="ŋ i ʡ a">ŋuʡa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="masc" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">tu</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">maʔafaː</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">niɴa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">tu</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">haːmiː</span><br><span class="gls">kill</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qaːstaɲaː</span><br><span class="gls">jaguar</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ŋiʡa</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">naː</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɴaːʡaːpiː</span><br><span class="gls">tiger</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ŋiʡa</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">naː</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">hiɴuja</span><br><span class="gls">lion</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ŋiʡa</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">maʔafaː</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-niɴa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>haːmiːʔiːqa qaːstaɲaːŋiʡa tu naː ɴaːʡaːpiːŋiʡa tu naː huɴujaŋuʡa tu maʔafaːniɴa tu</p> + <p>haamii’iiqa qaastañaangiʡa tu naa ɴaaʡaapiingiʡa tu naa huɴujanguʡa tu ma’afaaniɴa tu</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>haːmiː</o> + <g>kill</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qaːstaɲaː</o> + <g>jaguar</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ŋiʡa</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>naː</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɴaːʡaːpiː</o> + <g>tiger</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ŋiʡa</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>naː</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>hiɴuja</o> + <g>lion</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ŋiʡa</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>maʔafaː</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-niɴa</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Haamii’iiqa qaastañaangiʡa tu naa ɴaaʡaapiingiʡa tu naa huɴujanguʡa tu ma’afaaniɴa tu. [haːmiːʔiːqa qaːstaɲaːŋiʡa tu naː ɴaːʡaːpiːŋiʡa tu naː huɴujaŋuʡa tu maʔafaːniɴa tu] haːmiː kill -ʔiːqa PAST qaːstaɲaː jaguar -ŋiʡa plur tu the naː and ɴaːʡaːpiː tiger -ŋiʡa plur tu the naː and hiɴuja lion -ŋiʡa plur tu the maʔafaː hunter -niɴa ERG tu the “The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.” | (27) |
Modifiers and Determiners
The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Fuma provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.
Complex Sentences
Relative Clauses
Fuma forms relative clauses by placing them before the noun they modify. The modifier takes the form of a finite clause that precedes the head noun without any relative pronoun. The clause shows ordinary clausal structure, with the role of the head noun recoverable from the syntactic position inside the clause.
To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:
initial XML:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
- </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/ta/optionalGot PAST
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing" ph="s i ɲ aː l i">siɲaːli</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="t iː">tiː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<flat>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing" ph="s i ɲ aː l i">siɲaːli</word>
<thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="t iː">tiː</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word>
- <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing" ph="s i ɲ aː l i">siɲaːli</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="t iː">tiː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing">siɲaːli</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">tiː</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="fem">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">siɲaːli</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tiː</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nifi</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span></p> + <p>siɲaːliʔiːqa tiː tunufu</p> + <p>siñaali’iiqa tii tunufu</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>siɲaːli</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tiː</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nifi</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Siñaali’iiqa tii tunufu. [siɲaːliʔiːqa tiː tunufu] siɲaːli pat -ʔiːqa PAST tiː cat tu the -nifi fem “I patted the cat.” | (28) |
We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:
initial XML:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/ta/optionalGot PAST
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/comp/optional
Got COMP
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing" ph="s i ɲ aː l i">siɲaːli</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" ph="t a t u">tatu</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="q i j a t i">qijati</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="t iː">tiː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<flat>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing" ph="s i ɲ aː l i">siɲaːli</word>
<thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" ph="t a t u">tatu</word>
- <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ uː q a" underlying="ʔ iː q a">ʔuːqa</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="q i j a t i">qijati</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="t iː">tiː</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word>
- <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing" ph="s i ɲ aː l i">siɲaːli</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" ph="t a t u">tatu</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ uː q a" underlying="ʔ iː q a">ʔuːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="q i j a t i">qijati</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="t iː">tiː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing">siɲaːli</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc">tatu</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" underlying="ʔ iː q a">ʔuːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP">spiŋaː</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">qijati</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">tu</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">tiː</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">siɲaːli</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tatu</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-spiŋaː</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qijati</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tiː</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nifi</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span></p> + <p>siɲaːliʔiːqa tatuʔuːqaspiŋaː qijati tu tiː tunufu</p> + <p>siñaali’iiqa tatu’uuqaspingaa qijati tu tii tunufu</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>siɲaːli</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tatu</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-spiŋaː</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qijati</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tiː</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nifi</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Siñaali’iiqa tatu’uuqaspingaa qijati tu tii tunufu. [siɲaːliʔiːqa tatuʔuːqaspiŋaː qijati tu tiː tunufu] siɲaːli pat -ʔiːqa PAST tatu catch -ʔiːqa PAST -spiŋaː COMP qijati mouse tu the tiː cat tu the -nifi fem “I patted the cat that caught the mouse.” | (29) |
Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:
initial XML:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj">
<noun>cheese</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj"> - <noun>cheese</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
</np>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/ta/optionalGot PAST
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/comp/optional
Got COMP
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/comp/optional
Got COMP
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing" ph="s i ɲ aː l i">siɲaːli</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" ph="t a t u">tatu</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" ph="ʡ a s+p a">ʡaspa</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="m i ʜ i ŋ aː">miʜiŋaː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="q i j a t i">qijati</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="t iː">tiː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<flat>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing" ph="s i ɲ aː l i">siɲaːli</word>
<thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" ph="t a t u">tatu</word>
- <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ uː q a" underlying="ʔ iː q a">ʔuːqa</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" ph="ʡ a s+p a">ʡaspa</word>
<thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="m i ʜ i ŋ aː">miʜiŋaː</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="q i j a t i">qijati</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="t iː">tiː</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word>
- <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing" ph="s i ɲ aː l i">siɲaːli</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" ph="t a t u">tatu</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ uː q a" underlying="ʔ iː q a">ʔuːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" ph="ʡ a s+p a">ʡaspa</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="m i ʜ i ŋ aː">miʜiŋaː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="q i j a t i">qijati</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="t iː">tiː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing">siɲaːli</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc">tatu</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" underlying="ʔ iː q a">ʔuːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP">spiŋaː</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc">ʡaspa</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP">spiŋaː</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">miʜiŋaː</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">tu</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS">qijati</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS">tu</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">tiː</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">siɲaːli</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tatu</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-spiŋaː</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʡaspa</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-spiŋaː</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">miʜiŋaː</span><br><span class="gls">cheese</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qijati</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tiː</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nifi</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span></p> + <p>siɲaːliʔiːqa tatuʔuːqaspiŋaː ʡaspaʔiːqaspiŋaː miʜiŋaː tu qijati tu tiː tunufu</p> + <p>siñaali’iiqa tatu’uuqaspingaa ʡaspa’iiqaspingaa miħħingaa tu qijati tu tii tunufu</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>siɲaːli</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tatu</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-spiŋaː</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʡaspa</o> + <g>eat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-spiŋaː</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>miʜiŋaː</o> + <g>cheese</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qijati</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tiː</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nifi</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Siñaali’iiqa tatu’uuqaspingaa ʡaspa’iiqaspingaa miħħingaa tu qijati tu tii tunufu. [siɲaːliʔiːqa tatuʔuːqaspiŋaː ʡaspaʔiːqaspiŋaː miʜiŋaː tu qijati tu tiː tunufu] siɲaːli pat -ʔiːqa PAST tatu catch -ʔiːqa PAST -spiŋaː COMP ʡaspa eat -ʔiːqa PAST -spiŋaː COMP miʜiŋaː cheese tu the qijati mouse tu the tiː cat tu the -nifi fem “I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.” | (30) |
Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:
initial XML:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>buy</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this">
<noun>cheese</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>buy</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this"> - <noun>cheese</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number">
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
</np>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc">
+ <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing" person="1excl"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing" person="1excl">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="fem" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing" person="1excl">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="masc">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="fem">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="1excl.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="1excl.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/ta/optionalGot PAST
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/comp/optional
Got COMP
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/comp/optional
Got COMP
About to call getSlotValue for buy/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for buy/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for buy/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for buy/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for buy/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for buy/verb/comp/optional
Got COMP
About to call getSlotValue for 1excl.sing/pron/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing" ph="s i ɲ aː l i">siɲaːli</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" ph="t a t u">tatu</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="1excl.sing" ph="ʡ a s+p a">ʡaspa</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="1excl.sing" ph="ʔ iː ʔ a">ʔiːʔa</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="f u">fu</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl" ph="m i ʜ i ŋ aː">miʜiŋaː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="q i j a t i">qijati</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="t iː">tiː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<flat>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing" ph="s i ɲ aː l i">siɲaːli</word>
<thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" ph="t a t u">tatu</word>
- <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ uː q a" underlying="ʔ iː q a">ʔuːqa</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="1excl.sing" ph="ʡ a s+p a">ʡaspa</word>
<thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="1excl.sing" ph="ʔ iː ʔ a">ʔiːʔa</word>
<thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy>
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="f u">fu</word>
<thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl" ph="m i ʜ i ŋ aː">miʜiŋaː</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl" ph="t u">tu</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="q i j a t i">qijati</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="t iː">tiː</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word>
- <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing" ph="s i ɲ aː l i">siɲaːli</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" ph="t a t u">tatu</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ uː q a" underlying="ʔ iː q a">ʔuːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="1excl.sing" ph="ʡ a s+p a">ʡaspa</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="1excl.sing" ph="ʔ iː ʔ a">ʔiːʔa</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="f u">fu</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl" ph="m i ʜ i ŋ aː">miʜiŋaː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="q i j a t i">qijati</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="t iː">tiː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.fem" subj="1excl.sing">siɲaːli</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc">tatu</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" underlying="ʔ iː q a">ʔuːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP">spiŋaː</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="1excl.sing">ʡaspa</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP">spiŋaː</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" subj="1excl.sing">ʔiːʔa</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP">spiŋaː</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">fu</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl">miʜiŋaː</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS" person="1excl">tu</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS">qijati</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="masc" case="ABS">tu</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">tiː</word> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="fem" case="ABS">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">siɲaːli</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tatu</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-spiŋaː</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʡaspa</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-spiŋaː</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʔiːʔa</span><br><span class="gls">buy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-spiŋaː</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fu</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">miʜiŋaː</span><br><span class="gls">cheese</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qijati</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tiː</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nifi</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span></p> + <p>siɲaːliʔiːqa tatuʔuːqaspiŋaː ʡaspaʔiːqaspiŋaː ʔiːʔaʔiːqaspiŋaː fu miʜiŋaː tu qijati tu tiː tunufu</p> + <p>siñaali’iiqa tatu’uuqaspingaa ʡaspa’iiqaspingaa ’ii’a’iiqaspingaa fu miħħingaa tu qijati tu tii tunufu</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>siɲaːli</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tatu</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-spiŋaː</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʡaspa</o> + <g>eat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-spiŋaː</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʔiːʔa</o> + <g>buy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-spiŋaː</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fu</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>miʜiŋaː</o> + <g>cheese</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qijati</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tiː</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nifi</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Siñaali’iiqa tatu’uuqaspingaa ʡaspa’iiqaspingaa ’ii’a’iiqaspingaa fu miħħingaa tu qijati tu tii tunufu. [siɲaːliʔiːqa tatuʔuːqaspiŋaː ʡaspaʔiːqaspiŋaː ʔiːʔaʔiːqaspiŋaː fu miʜiŋaː tu qijati tu tiː tunufu] siɲaːli pat -ʔiːqa PAST tatu catch -ʔiːqa PAST -spiŋaː COMP ʡaspa eat -ʔiːqa PAST -spiŋaː COMP ʔiːʔa buy -ʔiːqa PAST -spiŋaː COMP fu 1excl.sing miʜiŋaː cheese tu the qijati mouse tu the tiː cat tu the -nifi fem “I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.” | (31) |
Complementation Strategies
Fuma marks complement clauses with subordinating verbal morphology. The embedded verb is fully finite and carries a subordinating suffix that identifies the clause as a complement. No structural changes occur within the clause apart from this verbal marking.
The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:
initial XML:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>surprise</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>give</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj">
<noun>teacher</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>surprise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>give</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </subs> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj"> - <noun>teacher</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </subs>
- </np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
+ <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ </subs>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module casemarking:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="subj">
+ <np role="subj" case="ERG">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="subj" case="ERG">
+ <np role="subj" case="ERG" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
+ <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="subj" case="ERG" gender="masc" number="sing"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </subs> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np role="subj" case="ERG" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for surprise/verb/ta/optionalGot PAST
About to call getSlotValue for surprise/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for surprise/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for surprise/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for surprise/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for surprise/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for teacher/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for teacher/noun/case/optional
Got DAT
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for give/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for give/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for give/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for give/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for give/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for give/verb/comp/optional
Got COMP
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/optional
Got ABS
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/case/optional
Got DAT
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/case/optional
Got ERG
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
</np>
<np role="subj" case="ERG" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - </np> - <np role="subj" case="ERG" gender="masc" number="sing"> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - </subs> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="s+k aː n i k i">skaːniki</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="n i q i s a">niqisa</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="m i k i">miki</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="ᵑǀ aː t a">ᵑǀaːta</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="ɲ a ʋ i m a">ɲaʋima</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="s iː">siː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="m i k i">miki</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="ɴ uː">ɴuː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<flat>
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="s+k aː n i k i">skaːniki</word>
<thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="n i q i s a">niqisa</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="m i k i">miki</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word>
- <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="ᵑǀ aː t a">ᵑǀaːta</word>
<thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="ɲ a ʋ i m a">ɲaʋima</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="s iː">siː</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="m i k i">miki</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word>
- <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="ɴ uː">ɴuː</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="s+k aː n i k i">skaːniki</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="n i q i s a">niqisa</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="m i k i">miki</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="ᵑǀ aː t a">ᵑǀaːta</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc" ph="ɲ a ʋ i m a">ɲaʋima</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ABS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="s iː">siː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="m i k i">miki</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="ɴ uː">ɴuː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc">skaːniki</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">niqisa</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT">miki</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" comp="COMP" obj="3.sing.masc" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc">ᵑǀaːta</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP">spiŋaː</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" gender="masc">ɲaʋima</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">siː</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT">miki</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">ɴuː</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">niɴa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">tu</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">skaːniki</span><br><span class="gls">surprise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">niqisa</span><br><span class="gls">teacher</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-miki</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">DAT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nifi</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǀaːta</span><br><span class="gls">give</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-spiŋaː</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaʋima</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">siː</span><br><span class="gls">girl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-miki</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">DAT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nifi</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɴuː</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-niɴa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>skaːnikiʔiːqa niqisamiki tunufu ᵑǀaːtaʔiːqaspiŋaː ɲaʋima siːmiki tunufu ɴuːniɴa tu</p> + <p>skaaniki’iiqa niqisamiki tunufu ncaata’iiqaspingaa ñawima siimiki tunufu ɴuuniɴa tu</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>skaːniki</o> + <g>surprise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>niqisa</o> + <g>teacher</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-miki</o> + <g>DAT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nifi</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵑǀaːta</o> + <g>give</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-spiŋaː</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲaʋima</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>siː</o> + <g>girl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-miki</o> + <g>DAT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nifi</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɴuː</o> + <g>boy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-niɴa</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Skaaniki’iiqa niqisamiki tunufu ncaata’iiqaspingaa ñawima siimiki tunufu ɴuuniɴa tu. [skaːnikiʔiːqa niqisamiki tunufu ᵑǀaːtaʔiːqaspiŋaː ɲaʋima siːmiki tunufu ɴuːniɴa tu] skaːniki surprise -ʔiːqa PAST niqisa teacher -miki DAT tu the -nifi fem ᵑǀaːta give -ʔiːqa PAST -spiŋaː COMP ɲaʋima apple siː girl -miki DAT tu the -nifi fem ɴuː boy -niɴa ERG tu the “It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.” | (32) |
Quotes
Fuma expresses quoted or reported speech without a dedicated quotative particle. Quotations appear as ordinary clauses, distinguished only by the surrounding syntactic context or by the use of verbs of speaking.
Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:
initial XML:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>tell</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<subs>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>tell</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <subs> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </subs> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2noun:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module subordinate:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<subs>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
- </np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ </np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module casemarking:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="2.sing" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing" person="2"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="2.sing" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="2.sing" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing" person="2">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" person="2">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for tell/verb/ta/optionalGot PAST
About to call getSlotValue for tell/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for tell/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for tell/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for tell/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for tell/verb/comp/optional
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/ta/optional
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/mode/optional
Got indicative
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/comp/optional
Got COMP
About to call getSlotValue for 2.sing/pron/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for 1excl.sing/pron/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/case/optional
Got DAT
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got fem
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/number/optional
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/case/optional
Got ERG
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/optional
Got masc
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="2.sing" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="2.sing" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing" person="2">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
+ <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/>
+ <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/>
+ <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="2.sing" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="2.sing" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="ABS" gender="masc" number="sing" person="2"> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - </subs> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="2.sing" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP"/> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG"/> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="2.sing" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="m a n u">manu</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing" ph="q i l aː">qilaː</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" ph="ʋ uː">ʋuː</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="f u">fu</word> + <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="s iː">siː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="m i k i">miki</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="ɴ uː">ɴuː</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<flat>
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="2.sing" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="m a n u">manu</word>
- <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ iː q a">ʔiːqa</thingy>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ uː q a" underlying="ʔ iː q a">ʔuːqa</thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing" ph="q i l aː">qilaː</word>
<thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy>
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" ph="ʋ uː">ʋuː</word>
<thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="f u">fu</word>
<thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="s iː">siː</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="m i k i">miki</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word>
- <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n i f i">nifi</thingy>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="ɴ uː">ɴuː</word>
<thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
<thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word>
<thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy>
</flat>
</example>
removetags:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="2.sing" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc" ph="m a n u">manu</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="ʔ uː q a" underlying="ʔ iː q a">ʔuːqa</thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing" ph="q i l aː">qilaː</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbmode" function="suffix" gloss="indicative" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="suffix" gloss="active" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP" attach="suffix" ph="s+p i ŋ aː">spiŋaː</thingy> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS" ph="ʋ uː">ʋuː</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" ph="f u">fu</word> - <thingy type="pronnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="s iː">siː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT" attach="suffix" ph="m i k i">miki</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" attach="suffix" ph="n u f u" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="ɴ uː">ɴuː</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG" attach="suffix" ph="n i ɴ a">niɴa</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc" ph="t u">tu</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="masc" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="2.sing" indobj="3.sing.fem" subj="3.sing.masc">manu</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" underlying="ʔ iː q a">ʔuːqa</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" comp="COMP" obj="2.sing" subj="1excl.sing">qilaː</word> + <thingy type="verbcomp" function="suffix" gloss="COMP">spiŋaː</thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="ABS">ʋuː</word> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="masc" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG">fu</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">siː</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="DAT">miki</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="fem">tu</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="fem" underlying="n i f i">nufu</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">ɴuː</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="suffix" gloss="ERG">niɴa</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ERG" gender="masc">tu</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">manu</span><br><span class="gls">tell</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ʔiːqa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qilaː</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-spiŋaː</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʋuː</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fu</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">siː</span><br><span class="gls">girl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-miki</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">DAT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-nifi</span><br><span class="gls">fem</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɴuː</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-niɴa</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">ERG</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">tu</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>manuʔuːqa qilaːspiŋaː ʋuː fu siːmiki tunufu ɴuːniɴa tu</p> + <p>manu’uuqa qilaaspingaa wuu fu siimiki tunufu ɴuuniɴa tu</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>manu</o> + <g>tell</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ʔiːqa</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qilaː</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-spiŋaː</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʋuː</o> + <g>2.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fu</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>siː</o> + <g>girl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-miki</o> + <g>DAT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-nifi</o> + <g>fem</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɴuː</o> + <g>boy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-niɴa</o> + <g>ERG</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>tu</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Manu’uuqa qilaaspingaa wuu fu siimiki tunufu ɴuuniɴa tu. [manuʔuːqa qilaːspiŋaː ʋuː fu siːmiki tunufu ɴuːniɴa tu] manu tell -ʔiːqa PAST qilaː love -spiŋaː COMP ʋuː 2.sing fu 1excl.sing siː girl -miki DAT tu the -nifi fem ɴuː boy -niɴa ERG tu the “The boy told the girl that he loved her.” | (33) |
How to cite this grammar
Language Creator. 2026. A Grammar of Fuma. Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 1 October 2026. https://languagecreator.org/grammar/5JVK7
In BibTeX format:
@misc{LC-5JVK7,
year = 2026,
author = {{Language Creator}},
title = {A Grammar of {Fuma}},
howpublished = {\url{https://languagecreator.org/grammar/5JVK7}},
note = {Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 1 October 2026}
}
Supplementary Materials
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