A Grammar of Eshuh
Introduction
Scope and Purpose
This grammar provides a systematic description of the Eshuh language (the 1793rd one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.
The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Eshuh.
Typological Profile
It has a rich system of noun classes.Phonology
Phoneme Inventory
Consonants
Eshuh has 25 consonant phonemes, a size that falls within a broadly average range.
It has a system with marginal but genuine retroflex contrasts.The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Eshuh. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.
| labial | alveolar | postalveolar | alveolo-palatal | lateral | palatal | retroflex | velar | glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stop | p b | d t | ɖ ʈ | k ɡ | |||||
| nasal | m | n | ɲ | ɳ | ŋ | ||||
| trill/tap/flap | ɽ | ||||||||
| fricative | f | s | ʃ | ʂ | h | ||||
| approximant | w | l | j | ||||||
| affricate | t͡ʃ | t͡ɕ |
Vowels
Eshuh has 9 vowel qualities, forming a relatively large inventory. The system distinguishes several vowel categories, as indicated in the chart, offering a wide range of vocalic contrasts.
It has a maximally “square” vowel system balancing heights across backness and a fully three-way front–central–back distinction.The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Eshuh. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.
| front | central | back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| close | i | ɨ | u |
| close-mid | e | o | |
| mid | ə | ||
| open | a |
Stress and Tones
Eshuh has neither phonemic stress nor lexical tone. Prosodic prominence and pitch variation are determined by pragmatic and discourse factors rather than by lexical contrasts.
Phonological Processes
Vowel Harmony
Vowel harmony does not exist in this language.
Writing System
Introduction
Eshuh is normally written using the Cyrillic alphabet, a script with a long and varied history across Eastern Europe and northern Asia. In this grammar, phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are also used to give an unambiguous representation of sound.
The conventions adopted here follow standard Cyrillic practice for the language where that exists; where they do not, the IPA transcription should be taken as authoritative.
Orthography
Here are the various components of the orthography:
Simple letters
| а /a/ | б /b/ | в /w/ | г /h/ |
| д /d/ | д̇ /ɖ/ | е /e/ | и /i/ |
| к /k/ | л /l/ | м /m/ | н /n/ |
| н̇ /ɳ/ | о /o/ | п /p/ | р̇ /ɽ/ |
| с /s/ | с̇ /ʂ/ | т /t/ | т̇ /ʈ/ |
| у /u/ | ф /f/ | ч /t͡ʃ/ | ш /ʃ/ |
| ы /ɨ/ | ј /j/ | њ /ɲ/ | ћ /t͡ɕ/ |
| ґ /ɡ/ | ӈ /ŋ/ | ә /ə/ |
Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs
| ай /ai/ | аў /au/ |
Word Classes and Morphology
Number and Gender
Number
Eshuh does not have grammatical number.
Gender
Eshuh has the following noun classes:
Class cl.1 – for instance: авоњәґ ‘cheese’, айд ‘colour’, ас̇он̇ем ‘court’, ашоњән ‘school’, ањәфуф ‘salt’, ед ‘house’, екаґав ‘library’, ен̇ ‘moon’, ес ‘day’, ет̇әс̇ан ‘restaurant’, ипинут̇ ‘market’, ит̇ињып ‘plain’, очаґәј ‘smoke’, ошемин ‘bank’, ошобус̇ ‘tower’, уњысув ‘medicine’, ыјумәґ ‘student’, әд̇ән̇иф ‘ice’, әлис̇ин ‘religion’, әшып ‘egg’.
Class cl.2 – for instance: айс ‘head’, айш ‘bone’, ан ‘time’, ан̇ ‘sky’, ањ ‘leg’, аћид̇ит̇ ‘breast’, аўт̇аґуп ‘bosom’, аўј ‘sound’, аўњ ‘ear’, ес̇аґыс ‘stick’, ечесәд ‘belly’, иг ‘tongue’, ид ‘back’, ид̇иӈыћ ‘wing’, ин ‘nose’, опаћењ ‘neck’, оґод̇ум ‘liver’, ун̇ишун ‘anus’, ын̇апуј ‘vagina’, әт̇ ‘heart’.
Class cl.3 – for instance: айс̇атид ‘snake’, ам ‘dog’, ајамид̇ ‘wild boar’, ебудәш ‘jaguar’, ин̇ ‘city’, ин̇удон ‘worm’, инугыд̇ ‘mammal’, ис̇ыфәд ‘louse’, иј ‘cat’, ићат̇әш ‘mouse’, иӈ ‘sun’, ыт̇ ‘money’, ыч ‘earth’, әлыјад̇ ‘tiger’, әр̇игош ‘mountain’, әф ‘fish’, әч ‘stone’, әшытеф ‘lion’, әћ ‘animal’, әґ ‘bird’.
Class cl.4 – for instance: айг ‘human being’, ањуњ ‘idea’, аћ ‘people’, аўл ‘son’, аўчијол ‘lake’, аўшәкаћ ‘hunter’, ев ‘father’, ем ‘woman’, еч ‘language’, ид̇ ‘north’, ил ‘man’, иґ ‘daughter’, ов ‘east’, од̇ ‘mother’, оґићыд̇ ‘farmer’, убидул ‘teacher’, утәпич ‘river’, уґ ‘boy’, әд̇ ‘south’, әс ‘wife’.
Class cl.5 – for instance: ан̇абиӈ ‘bottle’, ар̇емеш ‘ash’, ат̇ышыд ‘embrace’, афимаћ ‘machine’, аш ‘inside’, ес̇уг ‘Eshuh’, ир̇ ‘name’, ит ‘road’, иф ‘surface’, ич ‘book’, ор̇икоґ ‘mortar’, осањ ‘knife’, уд̇ ‘fire’, ум ‘chair’, усилыӈ ‘umbrella’, уњајеш ‘rope’, ућ ‘bed’, әбыт̇ич ‘dust’, әнур̇әс ‘net’, әс̇атыд ‘box’.
Class cl.6 – for instance: ад̇ ‘fruit’, айн̇әфач ‘flower’, ашаваб ‘root’, аўванам ‘snow’, аўд̇ыд ‘manner’, аўр̇ыпыф ‘wheat’, им ‘land’, ис ‘star’, ит̇ ‘wind’, ифыћос ‘bark’, ог ‘leaf’, оломаћ ‘cloud’, омин̇әћ ‘apple’, ус̇әћәв ‘dialect’, уњед̇ењ ‘forest’, ык ‘tree’, ыл ‘rain’, ыш ‘night’, әд̇окоґ ‘seed’, ән̇ыкән̇ ‘grass’.
The Nominal Phrase
Nominal phrases in Eshuh can be exemplified by the following example:
initial XML:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def">
<noun>woman</noun>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>knife</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
<adj>blind</adj>
<num>three</num>
<det>yon</det>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>woman</noun> + <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>knife</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> - <adj>blind</adj> - <num>three</num> - <det>yon</det> + <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp role="comitative"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module constorder:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp role="comitative"> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp role="comitative"> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp role="comitative"> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA"> + <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> <pp role="comitative"> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </pp> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module wordorder:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
+ <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
<pp role="comitative">
- <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
- <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
+ <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for woman/noun/possessor/obligatoryGot no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for woman/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for knife/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for knife/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.5
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for blind/adj/case/obligatory
Got STA
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for yon/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="STA"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> - <s> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> + <flat> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <pp role="comitative"> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="STA"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="STA"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="e m">em</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative" ph="f a ʂ e">faʂe</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="o s a ɲ">osaɲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3" ph="n i p">nip</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ">t͡ɕ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="f i l">fil</word> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="STA" attach="prefix" ph="h">h</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="o s a ɖ">osaɖ</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i t͡ɕ a ʈ ə ʃ">it͡ɕaʈəʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="i ŋ">iŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="ai b">aib</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="e m">em</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative" ph="f a ʂ e">faʂe</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="o s a ɲ">osaɲ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3" ph="n i p">nip</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ">t͡ɕ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="f i l">fil</word> - <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="STA" attach="prefix" ph="h">h</thingy> - <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="o s a ɖ">osaɖ</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i t͡ɕ a ʈ ə ʃ">it͡ɕaʈəʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="i ŋ">iŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> - <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="ai b">aib</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">em</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative">faʂe</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">osaɲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5">k</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" case="LOC" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3">nip</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ">t͡ɕ</thingy> + <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">fil</word> + <thingy type="adjcase" function="prefix" gloss="STA">h</thingy> + <word posp="adj" gloss="blind" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">osaɖ</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">it͡ɕaʈəʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">iŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">t</thingy> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">aib</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">em</span><br><span class="gls">woman</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">faʂe</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMIT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">osaɲ</span><br><span class="gls">knife</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">k-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.5</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nip</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-t͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.4.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">fil</span><br><span class="gls">three</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">h-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">STA</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">osaɖ</span><br><span class="gls">blind</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">it͡ɕaʈəʃ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iŋ</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">aib</span><br><span class="gls">yon</span></span></p> + <p>demuʂ piw faʂe dosaɲuʂ kiw nipit͡ɕ fil hosaɖ dit͡ɕaʈəʃiŋ taib</p> + <p>демус̇ пив фас̇е досањус̇ кив нипић фил госад̇ дићат̇әшиӈ тайб</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>em</o> + <g>woman</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>p-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>faʂe</o> + <g>COMIT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>osaɲ</o> + <g>knife</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>k-</o> + <g>cl.5</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nip</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-t͡ɕ</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>fil</o> + <g>three</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>h-</o> + <g>STA</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>osaɖ</o> + <g>blind</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>it͡ɕaʈəʃ</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-iŋ</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>aib</o> + <g>yon</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Демус̇ пив фас̇е досањус̇ кив нипић фил госад̇ дићат̇әшиӈ тайб. [demuʂ piw faʂe dosaɲuʂ kiw nipit͡ɕ fil hosaɖ dit͡ɕaʈəʃiŋ taib] d- no.owner.POSS em woman -uʂ sing p- cl.4 iw the faʂe COMIT d- no.owner.POSS osaɲ knife -uʂ sing k- cl.5 iw the nip catch -i PAST -t͡ɕ 3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ fil three h- STA osaɖ blind d- no.owner.POSS it͡ɕaʈəʃ mouse -iŋ plur t- cl.3 aib yon “The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.” | (1) |
In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.
There are no clitics in the nominal phrase.The Noun
The noun in Eshuh consists of first, an obligatory prefix expressing possessor, comprising б- /b-/ ‘1incl.sing’, ӈ- /ŋ-/ ‘1excl.sing’, п- /p-/ ‘2.sing’, д̇- /ɖ-/ ‘3.sing.cl.1’, м- /m-/ ‘3.sing.cl.2’, в- /w-/ ‘3.sing.cl.3’, л- /l-/ ‘3.sing.cl.4’, р̇- /ɽ-/ ‘3.sing.cl.5’, ґ- /ɡ-/ ‘3.sing.cl.6’, ч- /t͡ʃ-/ ‘1incl.plur’, с̇- /ʂ-/ ‘1excl.plur’, с- /s-/ ‘2.plur’, њ- /ɲ-/ ‘3.plur.cl.1’, н- /n-/ ‘3.plur.cl.2’, г- /h-/ ‘3.plur.cl.3’, ш- /ʃ-/ ‘3.plur.cl.4’, ћ- /t͡ɕ-/ ‘3.plur.cl.5’, к- /k-/ ‘3.plur.cl.6’ and д- /d-/ ‘no.owner’; second, the root; and finally, third, an obligatory suffix expressing number, comprising -ус̇ /-uʂ/ ‘sing’ and -иӈ /-iŋ/ ‘plur’.
The noun displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -әш /-əʃ/ ‘little’ and -ин /-in/ ‘big’
The Adjective
In Eshuh, the adjective has the following structure: an obligatory prefix expressing case, comprising г- /h-/ ‘STA’, в- /w-/ ‘ACT’, п- /p-/ ‘GEN’, ћ- /t͡ɕ-/ ‘DAT’, к- /k-/ ‘INS’, т- /t-/ ‘VOC’, ӈ- /ŋ-/ ‘ALL’, ј- /j-/ ‘LOC’, с- /s-/ ‘ABL’ and њ- /ɲ-/ ‘PART’ followed by the root.
Numerals
The numeral in Eshuh stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
Determiners
In Eshuh, the determiner has the following structure: an obligatory prefix expressing gender, comprising ј- /j-/ ‘cl.1’, г- /h-/ ‘cl.2’, т- /t-/ ‘cl.3’, п- /p-/ ‘cl.4’, к- /k-/ ‘cl.5’ and л- /l-/ ‘cl.6’ followed by the root.
Pronouns
The pronoun in Eshuh stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
In Eshuh, subject pronouns (but not object pronouns ones) are dropped unless they are stressed. Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:
initial XML:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="STA"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACT"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="STA"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowned:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> </np> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> </np> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/ta/obligatoryGot PRES
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.4
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4" ph="t͡ɕ au ɡ">t͡ɕauɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ">t͡ɕ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɲ a ɲ">ɲaɲ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4" ph="t͡ɕ au ɡ">t͡ɕauɡ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ">t͡ɕ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɲ a ɲ">ɲaɲ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4">t͡ɕauɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ">t͡ɕ</thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">ɲaɲ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ɕauɡ</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ə</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-t͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.4.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaɲ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.4</span></span></p> + <p>t͡ɕauɡət͡ɕ ɲaɲ</p> + <p>ћаўґәћ њањ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>t͡ɕauɡ</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ə</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-t͡ɕ</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲaɲ</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.4</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ћаўґәћ њањ. [t͡ɕauɡət͡ɕ ɲaɲ] t͡ɕauɡ love -ə PRES -t͡ɕ 3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ ɲaɲ 3.sing.cl.4 “He (the boy) loves her (the girl).” | (2) |
But here, the word corresponding to he (i.e., the subject) is stressed:
initial XML:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="STA"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACT"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="STA"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowned:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> </np> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
+ <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/ta/obligatoryGot PRES
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.4
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> + <flat> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɲ a ɲ">ɲaɲ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4" ph="t͡ɕ au ɡ">t͡ɕauɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ">t͡ɕ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɲ a ɲ">ɲaɲ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɲ a ɲ">ɲaɲ</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4" ph="t͡ɕ au ɡ">t͡ɕauɡ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ">t͡ɕ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɲ a ɲ">ɲaɲ</word> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner">ɲaɲ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4">t͡ɕauɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ">t͡ɕ</thingy> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">ɲaɲ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaɲ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ɕauɡ</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ə</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-t͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.4.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaɲ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.4</span></span></p> + <p>ɲaɲ t͡ɕauɡət͡ɕ ɲaɲ</p> + <p>њањ ћаўґәћ њањ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɲaɲ</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ɕauɡ</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ə</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-t͡ɕ</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲaɲ</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.4</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Њањ ћаўґәћ њањ. [ɲaɲ t͡ɕauɡət͡ɕ ɲaɲ] ɲaɲ 3.sing.cl.4 t͡ɕauɡ love -ə PRES -t͡ɕ 3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ ɲaɲ 3.sing.cl.4 “He loves her.” | (3) |
Proper Nouns
initial XML:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>hate</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>NN1</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>NN2</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>hate</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>NN1</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>NN2</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> + </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for NN1/noun/possessor/obligatoryGot no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for NN1/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for hate/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for hate/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for hate/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for NN2/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for NN2/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> + <flat> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
-<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> +<example id="loveprop" translation="Aigayed hates Ofamach."> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Aigayed" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" propernoun="yes" ph="ai ɡ a j e d">aiɡajed</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4" ph="m e d au ɲ">medauɲ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ">t͡ɕ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Ofamach" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" propernoun="yes" ph="o f a m a t͡ɕ">ofamat͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="loveprop" translation="Aigayed hates Ofamach."> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="Aigayed" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" propernoun="yes" ph="ai ɡ a j e d">aiɡajed</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4" ph="m e d au ɲ">medauɲ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ">t͡ɕ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="Ofamach" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" propernoun="yes" ph="o f a m a t͡ɕ">ofamat͡ɕ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Aigayed" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" propernoun="yes">aiɡajed</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4">medauɲ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ">t͡ɕ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Ofamach" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" propernoun="yes">ofamat͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">aiɡajed</span><br><span class="gls">Aigayed</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">medauɲ</span><br><span class="gls">hate</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ə</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-t͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.4.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ofamat͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">Ofamach</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>daiɡajeduʂ piw medauɲət͡ɕ dofamat͡ɕuʂ piw</p> + <p>дАйґаједус̇ пив медаўњәћ дОфамаћус̇ пив</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>aiɡajed</o> + <g>Aigayed</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>p-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>medauɲ</o> + <g>hate</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ə</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-t͡ɕ</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ofamat͡ɕ</o> + <g>Ofamach</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>p-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
ДАйґаједус̇ пив медаўњәћ дОфамаћус̇ пив. [daiɡajeduʂ piw medauɲət͡ɕ dofamat͡ɕuʂ piw] d- no.owner.POSS aiɡajed Aigayed -uʂ sing p- cl.4 iw the medauɲ hate -ə PRES -t͡ɕ 3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ d- no.owner.POSS ofamat͡ɕ Ofamach -uʂ sing p- cl.4 iw the “Aigayed hates Ofamach.” | (4) |
Possession
initial XML:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="STA"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="STA"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="STA"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="STA" gender="cl.6"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="STA" gender="cl.6"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="STA" gender="cl.6" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="STA" gender="cl.6" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="STA" gender="cl.6" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/possessor/obligatoryGot no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.6
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.6"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> </np> </example>
flatten:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> + <flat> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.6"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.6"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="u ɡ">uɡ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA" ph="o m i ɳ ə t͡ɕ">omiɳət͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.6" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="u ɡ">uɡ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA" ph="o m i ɳ ə t͡ɕ">omiɳət͡ɕ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.6" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">uɡ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.POSS">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA">omiɳət͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.6">l</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA">iw</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">uɡ</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">l-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.4.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">omiɳət͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">l-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.6</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>duɡuʂ piw lomiɳət͡ɕuʂ liw</p> + <p>дуґус̇ пив ломин̇әћус̇ лив</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>uɡ</o> + <g>boy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>p-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>l-</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.4.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>omiɳət͡ɕ</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>l-</o> + <g>cl.6</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
дуґус̇ пив ломин̇әћус̇ лив [duɡuʂ piw lomiɳət͡ɕuʂ liw] d- no.owner.POSS uɡ boy -uʂ sing p- cl.4 iw the l- 3.sing.cl.4.POSS omiɳət͡ɕ apple -uʂ sing l- cl.6 iw the “the boy’s apple” | (5) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="STA"> <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="STA"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="STA"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="STA" gender="cl.6"> + <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="STA" gender="cl.6"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="STA" gender="cl.6" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="STA" gender="cl.6" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4"> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowned:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="STA" gender="cl.6" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="STA" gender="cl.6" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/possessor/obligatoryGot 3.sing.cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.6
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.6"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> + <flat> <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.6"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.6"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɲ a ɲ">ɲaɲ</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA" ph="o m i ɳ ə t͡ɕ">omiɳət͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.6" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <flat> - <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɲ a ɲ">ɲaɲ</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA" ph="o m i ɳ ə t͡ɕ">omiɳət͡ɕ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.6" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word posp="pron" number="sing" gender="cl.4" gloss="3.sing.cl.4" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" possessor="no.owner">ɲaɲ</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.POSS">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA">omiɳət͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.6">l</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA">iw</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaɲ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">l-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.4.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">omiɳət͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">l-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.6</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>ɲaɲ lomiɳət͡ɕuʂ liw</p> + <p>њањ ломин̇әћус̇ лив</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɲaɲ</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>l-</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.4.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>omiɳət͡ɕ</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>l-</o> + <g>cl.6</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
њањ ломин̇әћус̇ лив [ɲaɲ lomiɳət͡ɕuʂ liw] ɲaɲ 3.sing.cl.4 l- 3.sing.cl.4.POSS omiɳət͡ɕ apple -uʂ sing l- cl.6 iw the “his (the boy’s) apple” | (6) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="STA"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="STA"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="STA"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="STA" gender="cl.6"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="STA" gender="cl.6"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="STA" gender="cl.6" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned" case="STA" gender="cl.6" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1excl.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="STA" gender="cl.6" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1excl.sing"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1excl.sing" case="STA"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1excl.sing" case="STA"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1excl.sing" case="STA"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1excl.sing" case="STA"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/possessor/obligatoryGot 1excl.sing
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.6
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1excl.sing" case="STA"> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1excl.sing" case="STA"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.6"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1excl.sing" case="STA"/> </np> </example>
flatten:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1excl.sing" case="STA"> + <flat> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1excl.sing" case="STA"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.6"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1excl.sing" case="STA"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1excl.sing" case="STA"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.6"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1excl.sing" case="STA"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="ŋ">ŋ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1excl.sing" case="STA" ph="o m i ɳ ə t͡ɕ">omiɳət͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.6" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1excl.sing" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="ŋ">ŋ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1excl.sing" case="STA" ph="o m i ɳ ə t͡ɕ">omiɳət͡ɕ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.6" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1excl.sing" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="1excl.sing.POSS">ŋ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1excl.sing" case="STA">omiɳət͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.6">l</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.6" possessor="1excl.sing" case="STA">iw</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ŋ-</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">omiɳət͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">l-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.6</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>ŋomiɳət͡ɕuʂ liw</p> + <p>ӈомин̇әћус̇ лив</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ŋ-</o> + <g>1excl.sing.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>omiɳət͡ɕ</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>l-</o> + <g>cl.6</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
ӈомин̇әћус̇ лив [ŋomiɳət͡ɕuʂ liw] ŋ- 1excl.sing.POSS omiɳət͡ɕ apple -uʂ sing l- cl.6 iw the “my apple” | (7) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kiss</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>daughter</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>neighbour</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>son</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kiss</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>daughter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>neighbour</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>son</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> - </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> + </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj"> + <np role="subj" case="ACT"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="STA"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="ACT">
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="STA">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module addgender:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="ACT">
- <np type="owner_owned">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="STA">
- <np type="owner_owned">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj" case="ACT"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="subj" case="ACT" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" case="STA"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="obj" case="STA" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj" case="ACT" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" case="ACT" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" case="STA" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" case="STA" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj" case="ACT" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> + <np role="subj" case="ACT" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.4"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" case="STA" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> + <np role="obj" case="STA" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.4"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="ACT" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.4">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="STA" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.4">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj" case="ACT" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.4"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing" role="subj" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" case="STA" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.4"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing" role="obj" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - </np> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing" role="subj" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="ACT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> </vp> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing" role="obj" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> </s> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="ACT">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="ACT"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="ACT"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/possessor/obligatoryGot no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for kiss/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for kiss/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for kiss/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for neighbour/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 2.sing
About to call getSlotValue for neighbour/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="ACT">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="ACT"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="ACT"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="2.sing"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> + <flat> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="ACT"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="ACT"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="ACT"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="2.sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="ACT"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="ACT"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="2.sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="au ʃ ə k a t͡ɕ">auʃəkat͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="ACT" ph="i ɡ">iɡ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="ACT" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4" ph="t͡ɕ i ʃ u j">t͡ɕiʃuj</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ">t͡ɕ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="2.sing.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing" ph="o n ə ʂ i s">onəʂis</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing" ph="i w">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA" ph="au l">aul</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="au ʃ ə k a t͡ɕ">auʃəkat͡ɕ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="ACT" ph="i ɡ">iɡ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="ACT" ph="i w">iw</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4" ph="t͡ɕ i ʃ u j">t͡ɕiʃuj</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ">t͡ɕ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="2.sing.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing" ph="o n ə ʂ i s">onəʂis</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing" ph="i w">iw</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA" ph="au l">aul</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">auʃəkat͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.POSS">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="ACT">iɡ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="ACT">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.4">t͡ɕiʃuj</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ">t͡ɕ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="2.sing.POSS">p</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing">onəʂis</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.POSS">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA">aul</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA">iw</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">auʃəkat͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">l-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.4.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iɡ</span><br><span class="gls">daughter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ɕiʃuj</span><br><span class="gls">kiss</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-t͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.4.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p-</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">onəʂis</span><br><span class="gls">neighbour</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">l-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.4.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">aul</span><br><span class="gls">son</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>dauʃəkat͡ɕuʂ piw liɡuʂ piw t͡ɕiʃujit͡ɕ ponəʂisuʂ piw lauluʂ piw</p> + <p>даўшәкаћус̇ пив лиґус̇ пив ћишујић понәс̇исус̇ пив лаўлус̇ пив</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>auʃəkat͡ɕ</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>p-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>l-</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.4.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iɡ</o> + <g>daughter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>p-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ɕiʃuj</o> + <g>kiss</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-t͡ɕ</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>p-</o> + <g>2.sing.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>onəʂis</o> + <g>neighbour</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>p-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>l-</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.4.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>aul</o> + <g>son</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>p-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Даўшәкаћус̇ пив лиґус̇ пив ћишујић понәс̇исус̇ пив лаўлус̇ пив. [dauʃəkat͡ɕuʂ piw liɡuʂ piw t͡ɕiʃujit͡ɕ ponəʂisuʂ piw lauluʂ piw] d- no.owner.POSS auʃəkat͡ɕ hunter -uʂ sing p- cl.4 iw the l- 3.sing.cl.4.POSS iɡ daughter -uʂ sing p- cl.4 iw the t͡ɕiʃuj kiss -i PAST -t͡ɕ 3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ p- 2.sing.POSS onəʂis neighbour -uʂ sing p- cl.4 iw the l- 3.sing.cl.4.POSS aul son -uʂ sing p- cl.4 iw the “The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.” | (8) |
Derivation
Eshuh has a few derivational processes. To illustrate this, let us start with a simple noun phrase:
initial XML:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme">
<noun>lamb</noun>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme"> - <noun>lamb</noun> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/possessor/obligatoryGot no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> </example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> + <flat> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="ai b ə ʃ ə ɳ">aibəʃəɳ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="ai b ə ʃ ə ɳ">aibəʃəɳ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">aibəʃəɳ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">aibəʃəɳ</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span></p> + <p>daibəʃəɳuʂ</p> + <p>дайбәшән̇ус̇</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>aibəʃəɳ</o> + <g>lamb</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
дайбәшән̇ус̇ [daibəʃəɳuʂ] d- no.owner.POSS aibəʃəɳ lamb -uʂ sing “a lamb” | (9) |
In the following, the word for little becomes an affix attached to lamb:
initial XML:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme">
<noun>lamb</noun>
<adj>little</adj>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme"> - <noun>lamb</noun> - <adj>little</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
submodule transform_adj<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
</example>module affixdensity:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> + </word> </np> </example>
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> </np> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> </np> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/possessor/obligatoryGot no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> </np> </example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> + <flat> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - </word> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="ai b ə ʃ ə ɳ">aibəʃəɳ</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="ə ʃ">əʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="ai b ə ʃ ə ɳ">aibəʃəɳ</word> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph="ə ʃ">əʃ</thingy> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">aibəʃəɳ</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj">əʃ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">aibəʃəɳ</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-əʃ</span><br><span class="gls">little</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span></p> + <p>daibəʃəɳəʃuʂ</p> + <p>дайбәшән̇әшус̇</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>aibəʃəɳ</o> + <g>lamb</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-əʃ</o> + <g>little</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
дайбәшән̇әшус̇ [daibəʃəɳəʃuʂ] d- no.owner.POSS aibəʃəɳ lamb -əʃ little -uʂ sing “a little lamb” | (10) |
Compounding
Verbs
Inflectional Categories
All verbal phrase clitics in Eshuh are enclitics (placed finally), and there are two types: a clitic expressing mode, comprising т̇ој /ʈoj/ ‘imperative’, тиј /tij/ ‘conditional’ and с̇аш /ʂaʃ/ ‘optative’ followed by a clitic expressing voice, comprising бос̇ /boʂ/ ‘passive’.
In addition, the verb is structured like this: first, the root; second, an obligatory suffix expressing ta, comprising -ә /-ə/ ‘PRES’ and -и /-i/ ‘PAST’; third, an optional suffix expressing negation, comprising -си /-si/ ‘NEG’; and finally, fourth, an obligatory suffix expressing subj, comprising -н̇ /-ɳ/ ‘1incl.sing’, -д /-d/ ‘1excl.sing’, -к /-k/ ‘2.sing’, -п /-p/ ‘3.sing.cl.1’, -р̇ /-ɽ/ ‘3.sing.cl.2’, -л /-l/ ‘3.sing.cl.3’, -ћ /-t͡ɕ/ ‘3.sing.cl.4’, -ф /-f/ ‘3.sing.cl.5’, -б /-b/ ‘3.sing.cl.6’, -м /-m/ ‘1incl.plur’, -ӈ /-ŋ/ ‘1excl.plur’, -ј /-j/ ‘2.plur’, -ч /-t͡ʃ/ ‘3.plur.cl.1’, -н /-n/ ‘3.plur.cl.2’, -д̇ /-ɖ/ ‘3.plur.cl.3’, -в /-w/ ‘3.plur.cl.4’, -с /-s/ ‘3.plur.cl.5’ and -т /-t/ ‘3.plur.cl.6’.
The verb displays the following derivational morphology: two suffixes, namely -ис /-is/ ‘begin’ and -аґ /-aɡ/ ‘stop’
initial XML:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner" person="2">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/ta/obligatoryGot PRES
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 1excl.sing
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing" ph="t͡ɕ au ɡ">t͡ɕauɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner" ph="s a t͡ɕ">sat͡ɕ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing" ph="t͡ɕ au ɡ">t͡ɕauɡ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner" ph="s a t͡ɕ">sat͡ɕ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">t͡ɕauɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">d</thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">sat͡ɕ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ɕauɡ</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ə</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-d</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sat͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing</span></span></p> + <p>t͡ɕauɡəd sat͡ɕ</p> + <p>ћаўґәд саћ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>t͡ɕauɡ</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ə</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-d</o> + <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sat͡ɕ</o> + <g>2.sing</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ћаўґәд саћ. [t͡ɕauɡəd sat͡ɕ] t͡ɕauɡ love -ə PRES -d 1excl.sing.SUBJ sat͡ɕ 2.sing “I love you.” | (11) |
Adverbs Minor Classes
Adpositions
There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.
initial XML:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing">
<noun>table</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>table</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module articles:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </example>
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
<np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
- <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5">
<word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
</np>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
- <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC">
+ <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5">
<word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
</np>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
<np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
- <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
</np>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<word gloss="in" posp="pp"/>
- <np type="owner_owned" case="LOC" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
</np>
- </np>
</pp>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for table/noun/possessor/obligatoryGot no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for table/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.5
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/>
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> + <flat> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <flat> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes" ph="w a m">wam</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="au h e ʂ">auheʂ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="i f">if</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <flat> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes" ph="w a m">wam</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="au h e ʂ">auheʂ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="i f">if</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">wam</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">auheʂ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5">k</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">if</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">wam</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">auheʂ</span><br><span class="gls">table</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">k-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.5</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">if</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span></p> + <p>wam dauheʂuʂ kiw difuʂ</p> + <p>вам даўгес̇ус̇ кив дифус̇</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>wam</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>auheʂ</o> + <g>table</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>k-</o> + <g>cl.5</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>if</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
вам даўгес̇ус̇ кив дифус̇ [wam dauheʂuʂ kiw difuʂ] wam in d- no.owner.POSS auheʂ table -uʂ sing k- cl.5 iw the d- no.owner.POSS if surface -uʂ sing “on the table” | (12) |
initial XML:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing">
<noun>box</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>box</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module articles:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> + <word gloss="to" posp="pp"/> + <np type="owner_owned" case="DAT"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </example>
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<word gloss="to" posp="pp"/>
<np type="owner_owned" case="DAT">
- <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5">
<word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
</np>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<word gloss="to" posp="pp"/>
- <np type="owner_owned" case="DAT">
+ <np type="owner_owned" case="DAT" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5">
<word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
</np>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<word gloss="to" posp="pp"/>
<np type="owner_owned" case="DAT" number="sing">
- <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
</np>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<word gloss="to" posp="pp"/>
- <np type="owner_owned" case="DAT" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
</np>
- </np>
</pp>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <word gloss="to" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="to" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for box/noun/possessor/obligatoryGot no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for box/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.5
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<word gloss="to" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/>
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> - <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> + <flat> <word gloss="to" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> - <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <flat> - <word gloss="to" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <word gloss="to" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes" ph="ɲ e t">ɲet</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="ə ʂ a t ɨ d">əʂatɨd</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="a ʃ">aʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <flat> - <word gloss="to" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes" ph="ɲ e t">ɲet</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="ə ʂ a t ɨ d">əʂatɨd</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner" ph="a ʃ">aʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <word gloss="to" posp="pp" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">ɲet</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">əʂatɨd</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5">k</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.5" possessor="no.owner">aʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲet</span><br><span class="gls">to</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">əʂatɨd</span><br><span class="gls">box</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">k-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.5</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">aʃ</span><br><span class="gls">inside</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span></p> + <p>ɲet dəʂatɨduʂ kiw daʃuʂ</p> + <p>њет дәс̇атыдус̇ кив дашус̇</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɲet</o> + <g>to</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>əʂatɨd</o> + <g>box</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>k-</o> + <g>cl.5</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>aʃ</o> + <g>inside</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
њет дәс̇атыдус̇ кив дашус̇ [ɲet dəʂatɨduʂ kiw daʃuʂ] ɲet to d- no.owner.POSS əʂatɨd box -uʂ sing k- cl.5 iw the d- no.owner.POSS aʃ inside -uʂ sing “into the box” | (13) |
initial XML:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number"> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp"/> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner"/> </np> </pp> </example>
addaffixes:
No change.
flatten:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> - <pp role="comitative"> + <flat> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <flat> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative"/> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative" ph="f a ʂ e">faʂe</word> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner" ph="t͡ʃ e k">t͡ʃek</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <flat> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative" ph="f a ʂ e">faʂe</word> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner" ph="t͡ʃ e k">t͡ʃek</word> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" role="comitative">faʂe</word> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" case="LOC" possessor="no.owner">t͡ʃek</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">faʂe</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMIT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃek</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span></p> + <p>faʂe t͡ʃek</p> + <p>фас̇е чек</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>faʂe</o> + <g>COMIT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃek</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
фас̇е чек [faʂe t͡ʃek] faʂe COMIT t͡ʃek 1excl.sing “with me” | (14) |
Syntax
Basic Clause Structure
Constituent Order
Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.
Eshuh employs Subject–Verb–Object (SVO) as its basic word order. The subject is followed by the verb, with the object occurring in post-verbal position. This ordering is widely attested across the world’s languages.
The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Eshuh.
initial XML:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kill</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj">
<noun>jaguar</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kill</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj"> - <noun>jaguar</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/possessor/obligatoryGot no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> + <flat> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="e b u d ə ʃ">ebudəʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4" ph="m u ɖ">muɖ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="au ʃ ə k a t͡ɕ">auʃəkat͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="e b u d ə ʃ">ebudəʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4" ph="m u ɖ">muɖ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="au ʃ ə k a t͡ɕ">auʃəkat͡ɕ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">ebudəʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4">muɖ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ">l</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">auʃəkat͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ebudəʃ</span><br><span class="gls">jaguar</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">muɖ</span><br><span class="gls">kill</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-l</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.3.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">auʃəkat͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>debudəʃuʂ tiw muɖil dauʃəkat͡ɕuʂ piw</p> + <p>дебудәшус̇ тив муд̇ил даўшәкаћус̇ пив</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ebudəʃ</o> + <g>jaguar</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>muɖ</o> + <g>kill</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-l</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>auʃəkat͡ɕ</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>p-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Дебудәшус̇ тив муд̇ил даўшәкаћус̇ пив. [debudəʃuʂ tiw muɖil dauʃəkat͡ɕuʂ piw] d- no.owner.POSS ebudəʃ jaguar -uʂ sing t- cl.3 iw the muɖ kill -i PAST -l 3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ d- no.owner.POSS auʃəkat͡ɕ hunter -uʂ sing p- cl.4 iw the “The jaguar killed the hunter.” | (15) |
initial XML:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj">
<noun>lion</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>daughter</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>dog</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj"> - <noun>lion</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>daughter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>dog</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> + </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="STA"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="STA">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module addgender:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np role="obj" case="STA"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="STA">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4">
+ <np role="obj" case="STA" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" case="STA" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" case="STA" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="STA" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
+ <np role="obj" case="STA" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.4">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="STA" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.4">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="STA" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" gender="cl.4">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing" role="obj" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing" role="obj" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.4">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/possessor/obligatoryGot no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for dog/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for dog/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> + <flat> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="ə ʃ ɨ t e f">əʃɨtef</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4" ph="ʈ i ɲ">ʈiɲ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="au ʃ ə k a t͡ɕ">auʃəkat͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" ph="i ɡ">iɡ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" ph="i w">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA" ph="a m">am</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="ə ʃ ɨ t e f">əʃɨtef</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4" ph="ʈ i ɲ">ʈiɲ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="au ʃ ə k a t͡ɕ">auʃəkat͡ɕ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" ph="i ɡ">iɡ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" ph="i w">iw</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA" ph="a m">am</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">əʃɨtef</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.4">ʈiɲ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ">l</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">auʃəkat͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.POSS">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4">iɡ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.POSS">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA">am</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA">iw</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">əʃɨtef</span><br><span class="gls">lion</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈiɲ</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-l</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.3.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">auʃəkat͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">l-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.4.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iɡ</span><br><span class="gls">daughter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">l-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.4.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">am</span><br><span class="gls">dog</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>dəʃɨtefuʂ tiw ʈiɲil dauʃəkat͡ɕuʂ piw liɡuʂ piw lamuʂ tiw</p> + <p>дәшытефус̇ тив т̇ињил даўшәкаћус̇ пив лиґус̇ пив ламус̇ тив</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>əʃɨtef</o> + <g>lion</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈiɲ</o> + <g>eat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-l</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>auʃəkat͡ɕ</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>p-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>l-</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.4.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iɡ</o> + <g>daughter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>p-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>l-</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.4.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>am</o> + <g>dog</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Дәшытефус̇ тив т̇ињил даўшәкаћус̇ пив лиґус̇ пив ламус̇ тив. [dəʃɨtefuʂ tiw ʈiɲil dauʃəkat͡ɕuʂ piw liɡuʂ piw lamuʂ tiw] d- no.owner.POSS əʃɨtef lion -uʂ sing t- cl.3 iw the ʈiɲ eat -i PAST -l 3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ d- no.owner.POSS auʃəkat͡ɕ hunter -uʂ sing p- cl.4 iw the l- 3.sing.cl.4.POSS iɡ daughter -uʂ sing p- cl.4 iw the l- 3.sing.cl.4.POSS am dog -uʂ sing t- cl.3 iw the “The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.” | (16) |
The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.
Noun Phrases
Structure and Order
The internal structure of noun phrases in Eshuh reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.
Possessive constructions are head-final: the possessor precedes the possessed noun. For example, Eshuh expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “child toy”. This ordering is found in many SOV and postpositional languages and aligns with a broader tendency towards modifier-first structures.
initial XML:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>son</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>friend</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>book</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>son</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>friend</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>book</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> </np> </example>
module articles:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="STA"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module markowner:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="STA">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module addgender:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="STA"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="STA" gender="cl.5"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="STA" gender="cl.5"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" case="STA" gender="cl.5" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" case="STA" gender="cl.5" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
- </np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" case="STA" gender="cl.5" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/possessor/obligatoryGot 2.sing
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for friend/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for friend/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for book/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for book/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.5
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="2.sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> </np> </example>
flatten:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"> + <flat> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="2.sing"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="2.sing"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="2.sing.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing" ph="au l">aul</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing" ph="i w">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" ph="u ɲ">uɲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" ph="i w">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA" ph="i t͡ʃ">it͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="2.sing.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing" ph="au l">aul</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing" ph="i w">iw</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" ph="u ɲ">uɲ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" ph="i w">iw</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA" ph="i t͡ʃ">it͡ʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="2.sing.POSS">p</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing">aul</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="2.sing">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.POSS">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4">uɲ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.4" possessor="3.sing.cl.4">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.POSS">l</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA">it͡ʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.5">k</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.5" possessor="3.sing.cl.4" case="STA">iw</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p-</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">aul</span><br><span class="gls">son</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">l-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.4.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">uɲ</span><br><span class="gls">friend</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">l-</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.4.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">it͡ʃ</span><br><span class="gls">book</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">k-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.5</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>pauluʂ piw luɲuʂ piw lit͡ʃuʂ kiw</p> + <p>паўлус̇ пив луњус̇ пив личус̇ кив</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>p-</o> + <g>2.sing.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>aul</o> + <g>son</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>p-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>l-</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.4.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>uɲ</o> + <g>friend</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>p-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>l-</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.4.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>it͡ʃ</o> + <g>book</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>k-</o> + <g>cl.5</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
паўлус̇ пив луњус̇ пив личус̇ кив [pauluʂ piw luɲuʂ piw lit͡ʃuʂ kiw] p- 2.sing.POSS aul son -uʂ sing p- cl.4 iw the l- 3.sing.cl.4.POSS uɲ friend -uʂ sing p- cl.4 iw the l- 3.sing.cl.4.POSS it͡ʃ book -uʂ sing k- cl.5 iw the “your son’s friend’s book” | (17) |
Case Marking
Eshuh uses active case marking. Intransitive subjects are divided according to how they participate in the event. More agent-like subjects, such as the subject of ‘run’ or ‘shout’, pattern with transitive subjects and take the active or agentive case. Less agent-like subjects, such as the subject of ‘sleep’ or ‘be ill’, pattern with transitive objects and take the patientive or absolutive case. This system makes sense where the grammar treats control, volition or affectedness as more important than the simple distinction between subject and object.
initial XML:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-state">
<verb>sleep</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-state"> - <verb>sleep</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="STA"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="STA"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/possessor/obligatoryGot no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for sleep/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for sleep/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for sleep/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.3
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> + <flat> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i j">ij</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="k o s">kos</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i j">ij</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="k o s">kos</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">ij</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3">kos</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ">l</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ij</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kos</span><br><span class="gls">sleep</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ə</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-l</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.3.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span></p> + <p>dijuʂ tiw kosəl</p> + <p>дијус̇ тив косәл</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ij</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kos</o> + <g>sleep</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ə</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-l</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Дијус̇ тив косәл. [dijuʂ tiw kosəl] d- no.owner.POSS ij cat -uʂ sing t- cl.3 iw the kos sleep -ə PRES -l 3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ “The cat is sleeping.” | (18) |
initial XML:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont">
<verb>run</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont"> - <verb>run</verb> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
+ <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/possessor/obligatoryGot no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for run/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for run/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for run/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.3
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> + <flat> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i j">ij</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="b e ʈ">beʈ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i j">ij</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="b e ʈ">beʈ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">ij</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3">beʈ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ">l</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ij</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">beʈ</span><br><span class="gls">run</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ə</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-l</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.3.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span></p> + <p>dijuʂ tiw beʈəl</p> + <p>дијус̇ тив бет̇әл</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ij</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>beʈ</o> + <g>run</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ə</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-l</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Дијус̇ тив бет̇әл. [dijuʂ tiw beʈəl] d- no.owner.POSS ij cat -uʂ sing t- cl.3 iw the beʈ run -ə PRES -l 3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ “The cat is running.” | (19) |
initial XML:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont">
<verb>chase</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont"> - <verb>chase</verb> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
+ <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/possessor/obligatoryGot no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for chase/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for chase/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for chase/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> + <flat> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i j">ij</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="ɽ u f u t͡ɕ">ɽufut͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i t͡ɕ a ʈ ə ʃ">it͡ɕaʈəʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i j">ij</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="ɽ u f u t͡ɕ">ɽufut͡ɕ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i t͡ɕ a ʈ ə ʃ">it͡ɕaʈəʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">ij</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.3">ɽufut͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ">l</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">it͡ɕaʈəʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ij</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɽufut͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">chase</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ə</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-l</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.3.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">it͡ɕaʈəʃ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>dijuʂ tiw ɽufut͡ɕəl dit͡ɕaʈəʃuʂ tiw</p> + <p>дијус̇ тив р̇уфућәл дићат̇әшус̇ тив</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ij</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɽufut͡ɕ</o> + <g>chase</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ə</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-l</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>it͡ɕaʈəʃ</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Дијус̇ тив р̇уфућәл дићат̇әшус̇ тив. [dijuʂ tiw ɽufut͡ɕəl dit͡ɕaʈəʃuʂ tiw] d- no.owner.POSS ij cat -uʂ sing t- cl.3 iw the ɽufut͡ɕ chase -ə PRES -l 3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ d- no.owner.POSS it͡ɕaʈəʃ mouse -uʂ sing t- cl.3 iw the “The cat is chasing the mouse.” | (20) |
initial XML:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/possessor/obligatoryGot no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> - <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> + <flat> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i j">ij</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="n i p">nip</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i t͡ɕ a ʈ ə ʃ">it͡ɕaʈəʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i j">ij</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="n i p">nip</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="l">l</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i t͡ɕ a ʈ ə ʃ">it͡ɕaʈəʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">ij</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.3" obj="3.sing.cl.3">nip</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ">l</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">it͡ɕaʈəʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ij</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nip</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-l</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.3.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">it͡ɕaʈəʃ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>dijuʂ tiw nipil dit͡ɕaʈəʃuʂ tiw</p> + <p>дијус̇ тив нипил дићат̇әшус̇ тив</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ij</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nip</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-l</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>it͡ɕaʈəʃ</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Дијус̇ тив нипил дићат̇әшус̇ тив. [dijuʂ tiw nipil dit͡ɕaʈəʃuʂ tiw] d- no.owner.POSS ij cat -uʂ sing t- cl.3 iw the nip catch -i PAST -l 3.sing.cl.3.SUBJ d- no.owner.POSS it͡ɕaʈəʃ mouse -uʂ sing t- cl.3 iw the “The cat caught the mouse.” | (21) |
Conjunctions
Here is an example of a conjunction.
initial XML:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kill</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>jaguar</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>tiger</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>lion</noun>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kill</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>jaguar</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>tiger</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>lion</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> + </vp> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.3"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.3">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="plur">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="plur" possessor="no.owner"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flattenconjp:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
- <conjp conj="and">
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
+ <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
+ <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
- <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
+ <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="plur" possessor="no.owner">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/possessor/obligatoryGot no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for tiger/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for tiger/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/number/obligatory
Got plur
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> + <flat> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="au ʃ ə k a t͡ɕ">auʃəkat͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3" ph="m u ɖ">muɖ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ">t͡ɕ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" ph="e b u d ə ʃ">ebudəʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="i ŋ">iŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="h u ʃ">huʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" ph="ə l ɨ j a ɖ">əlɨjaɖ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="i ŋ">iŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="h u ʃ">huʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" ph="ə ʃ ɨ t e f">əʃɨtef</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="i ŋ">iŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="au ʃ ə k a t͡ɕ">auʃəkat͡ɕ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3" ph="m u ɖ">muɖ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ">t͡ɕ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" ph="e b u d ə ʃ">ebudəʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="i ŋ">iŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="h u ʃ">huʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" ph="ə l ɨ j a ɖ">əlɨjaɖ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="i ŋ">iŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="h u ʃ">huʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" ph="ə ʃ ɨ t e f">əʃɨtef</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur" attach="suffix" ph="i ŋ">iŋ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">auʃəkat͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.plur.cl.3">muɖ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ">t͡ɕ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA">ebudəʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">iŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA">iw</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">huʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA">əlɨjaɖ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">iŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA">iw</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">huʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA">əʃɨtef</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="plur">iŋ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA">iw</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">auʃəkat͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">muɖ</span><br><span class="gls">kill</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-t͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.4.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ebudəʃ</span><br><span class="gls">jaguar</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iŋ</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">huʃ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">əlɨjaɖ</span><br><span class="gls">tiger</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iŋ</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">huʃ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">əʃɨtef</span><br><span class="gls">lion</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-iŋ</span><br><span class="gls">plur</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>dauʃəkat͡ɕuʂ piw muɖit͡ɕ debudəʃiŋ tiw huʃ dəlɨjaɖiŋ tiw huʃ dəʃɨtefiŋ tiw</p> + <p>даўшәкаћус̇ пив муд̇ић дебудәшиӈ тив гуш дәлыјад̇иӈ тив гуш дәшытефиӈ тив</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>auʃəkat͡ɕ</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>p-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>muɖ</o> + <g>kill</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-t͡ɕ</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ebudəʃ</o> + <g>jaguar</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-iŋ</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>huʃ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>əlɨjaɖ</o> + <g>tiger</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-iŋ</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>huʃ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>əʃɨtef</o> + <g>lion</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-iŋ</o> + <g>plur</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Даўшәкаћус̇ пив муд̇ић дебудәшиӈ тив гуш дәлыјад̇иӈ тив гуш дәшытефиӈ тив. [dauʃəkat͡ɕuʂ piw muɖit͡ɕ debudəʃiŋ tiw huʃ dəlɨjaɖiŋ tiw huʃ dəʃɨtefiŋ tiw] d- no.owner.POSS auʃəkat͡ɕ hunter -uʂ sing p- cl.4 iw the muɖ kill -i PAST -t͡ɕ 3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ d- no.owner.POSS ebudəʃ jaguar -iŋ plur t- cl.3 iw the huʃ and d- no.owner.POSS əlɨjaɖ tiger -iŋ plur t- cl.3 iw the huʃ and d- no.owner.POSS əʃɨtef lion -iŋ plur t- cl.3 iw the “The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.” | (22) |
Modifiers and Determiners
The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Eshuh provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.
Complex Sentences
Relative Clauses
Eshuh forms relative clauses by placing them before the noun they modify. The modifier takes the form of a finite clause that precedes the head noun without any relative pronoun. The clause shows ordinary clausal structure, with the role of the head noun recoverable from the syntactic position inside the clause.
To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:
initial XML:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/ta/obligatoryGot PAST
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 1excl.sing
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="ɖ a ɲ au j">ɖaɲauj</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i j">ij</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="ɖ a ɲ au j">ɖaɲauj</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i j">ij</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3">ɖaɲauj</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">d</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">ij</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖaɲauj</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-d</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ij</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>ɖaɲaujid dijuʂ tiw</p> + <p>д̇ањаўјид дијус̇ тив</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɖaɲauj</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-d</o> + <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ij</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Д̇ањаўјид дијус̇ тив. [ɖaɲaujid dijuʂ tiw] ɖaɲauj pat -i PAST -d 1excl.sing.SUBJ d- no.owner.POSS ij cat -uʂ sing t- cl.3 iw the “I patted the cat.” | (23) |
We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:
initial XML:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="STA"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="STA">
+ <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3">
+ <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
calling defaultval for subj/defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.sing.cl.1
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/ta/obligatoryGot PAST
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 1excl.sing
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="ɖ a ɲ au j">ɖaɲauj</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="n i p">nip</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i t͡ɕ a ʈ ə ʃ">it͡ɕaʈəʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="ɲ a ɳ ai">ɲaɳai</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" ph="i j">ij</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="ɖ a ɲ au j">ɖaɲauj</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="n i p">nip</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i t͡ɕ a ʈ ə ʃ">it͡ɕaʈəʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="ɲ a ɳ ai">ɲaɳai</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" ph="i j">ij</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3">ɖaɲauj</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">d</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">nip</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ">p</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">it͡ɕaʈəʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp">ɲaɳai</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">ij</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">iw</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖaɲauj</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-d</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nip</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-p</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.1.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">it͡ɕaʈəʃ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaɳai</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ij</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>ɖaɲaujid nipip dit͡ɕaʈəʃuʂ tiw ɲaɳai dijuʂ tiw</p> + <p>д̇ањаўјид нипип дићат̇әшус̇ тив њан̇ай дијус̇ тив</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɖaɲauj</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-d</o> + <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nip</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-p</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>it͡ɕaʈəʃ</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲaɳai</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ij</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Д̇ањаўјид нипип дићат̇әшус̇ тив њан̇ай дијус̇ тив. [ɖaɲaujid nipip dit͡ɕaʈəʃuʂ tiw ɲaɳai dijuʂ tiw] ɖaɲauj pat -i PAST -d 1excl.sing.SUBJ nip catch -i PAST -p 3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ d- no.owner.POSS it͡ɕaʈəʃ mouse -uʂ sing t- cl.3 iw the ɲaɳai COMP d- no.owner.POSS ij cat -uʂ sing t- cl.3 iw the “I patted the cat that caught the mouse.” | (24) |
Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:
initial XML:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj">
<noun>cheese</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj"> - <noun>cheese</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
</np>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="STA"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="STA"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="STA">
+ <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="STA">
+ <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3">
+ <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3">
+ <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
calling defaultval for subj/defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.sing.cl.1
calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.sing.cl.1
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/ta/obligatoryGot PAST
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 1excl.sing
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="ɖ a ɲ au j">ɖaɲauj</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="n i p">nip</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" ph="ʈ i ɲ">ʈiɲ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="a w o ɲ ə ɡ">awoɲəɡ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph="j">j</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="ɲ a ɳ ai">ɲaɳai</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" ph="i t͡ɕ a ʈ ə ʃ">it͡ɕaʈəʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="ɲ a ɳ ai">ɲaɳai</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" ph="i j">ij</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="ɖ a ɲ au j">ɖaɲauj</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="n i p">nip</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1" ph="ʈ i ɲ">ʈiɲ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="a w o ɲ ə ɡ">awoɲəɡ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph="j">j</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="ɲ a ɳ ai">ɲaɳai</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" ph="i t͡ɕ a ʈ ə ʃ">it͡ɕaʈəʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="ɲ a ɳ ai">ɲaɳai</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" ph="i j">ij</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3">ɖaɲauj</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">d</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">nip</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ">p</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.1">ʈiɲ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ">p</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">awoɲəɡ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1">j</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp">ɲaɳai</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">it͡ɕaʈəʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">iw</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp">ɲaɳai</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">ij</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">iw</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖaɲauj</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-d</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nip</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-p</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.1.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈiɲ</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-p</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.1.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">awoɲəɡ</span><br><span class="gls">cheese</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">j-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.1</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaɳai</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">it͡ɕaʈəʃ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaɳai</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ij</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>ɖaɲaujid nipip ʈiɲip dawoɲəɡuʂ jiw ɲaɳai dit͡ɕaʈəʃuʂ tiw ɲaɳai dijuʂ tiw</p> + <p>д̇ањаўјид нипип т̇ињип давоњәґус̇ јив њан̇ай дићат̇әшус̇ тив њан̇ай дијус̇ тив</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɖaɲauj</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-d</o> + <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nip</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-p</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈiɲ</o> + <g>eat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-p</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>awoɲəɡ</o> + <g>cheese</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>j-</o> + <g>cl.1</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲaɳai</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>it͡ɕaʈəʃ</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲaɳai</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ij</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Д̇ањаўјид нипип т̇ињип давоњәґус̇ јив њан̇ай дићат̇әшус̇ тив њан̇ай дијус̇ тив. [ɖaɲaujid nipip ʈiɲip dawoɲəɡuʂ jiw ɲaɳai dit͡ɕaʈəʃuʂ tiw ɲaɳai dijuʂ tiw] ɖaɲauj pat -i PAST -d 1excl.sing.SUBJ nip catch -i PAST -p 3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ ʈiɲ eat -i PAST -p 3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ d- no.owner.POSS awoɲəɡ cheese -uʂ sing j- cl.1 iw the ɲaɳai COMP d- no.owner.POSS it͡ɕaʈəʃ mouse -uʂ sing t- cl.3 iw the ɲaɳai COMP d- no.owner.POSS ij cat -uʂ sing t- cl.3 iw the “I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.” | (25) |
Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:
initial XML:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>buy</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this">
<noun>cheese</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>buy</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this"> - <noun>cheese</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number">
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </relp>
</np>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> + </vp> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="STA"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="STA"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" case="STA"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="STA">
+ <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="STA">
+ <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="STA">
+ <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.1">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3">
+ <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3">
+ <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.1">
+ <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> + <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl"> <subs> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </np> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.3" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
- <np role="obj" case="STA" gender="cl.1" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" person="1excl">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" person="1excl">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" person="1excl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" person="1excl"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
calling defaultval for subj/defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.sing.cl.1
calling defaultval for subj/
defaultval: verb, subj
returning 3.sing.cl.1
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/ta/obligatoryGot PAST
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 1excl.sing
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for buy/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for buy/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for buy/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 1excl.sing
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.3
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" person="1excl">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" person="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" person="1excl"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> + <flat> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <subs> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" person="1excl"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" person="1excl"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" person="1excl"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" person="1excl"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" person="1excl"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA"/> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="ɖ a ɲ au j">ɖaɲauj</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="n i p">nip</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" ph="ʈ i ɲ">ʈiɲ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" ph="t͡ʃ e k">t͡ʃek</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="t͡ɕ e n">t͡ɕen</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="ɲ a ɳ ai">ɲaɳai</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" person="1excl" ph="a w o ɲ ə ɡ">awoɲəɡ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph="j">j</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" person="1excl" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="ɲ a ɳ ai">ɲaɳai</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" ph="i t͡ɕ a ʈ ə ʃ">it͡ɕaʈəʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="ɲ a ɳ ai">ɲaɳai</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" ph="i j">ij</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <flat> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="ɖ a ɲ au j">ɖaɲauj</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3" ph="n i p">nip</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing" ph="ʈ i ɲ">ʈiɲ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" ph="t͡ʃ e k">t͡ʃek</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" ph="t͡ɕ e n">t͡ɕen</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="ɲ a ɳ ai">ɲaɳai</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" person="1excl" ph="a w o ɲ ə ɡ">awoɲəɡ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph="j">j</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" person="1excl" ph="i w">iw</word> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="ɲ a ɳ ai">ɲaɳai</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" ph="i t͡ɕ a ʈ ə ʃ">it͡ɕaʈəʃ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" ph="ɲ a ɳ ai">ɲaɳai</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" ph="i j">ij</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="t">t</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing" obj="3.sing.cl.3">ɖaɲauj</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">d</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.sing.cl.3">nip</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ">p</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl.sing">ʈiɲ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ">p</thingy> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner">t͡ʃek</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl.sing">t͡ɕen</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">d</thingy> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp">ɲaɳai</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" person="1excl">awoɲəɡ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1">j</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" possessor="no.owner" case="STA" person="1excl">iw</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp">ɲaɳai</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">it͡ɕaʈəʃ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">iw</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp">ɲaɳai</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">ij</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">t</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" possessor="no.owner" case="STA">iw</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɖaɲauj</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-d</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nip</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-p</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.1.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʈiɲ</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-p</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.1.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃek</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ɕen</span><br><span class="gls">buy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-d</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaɳai</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">awoɲəɡ</span><br><span class="gls">cheese</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">j-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.1</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaɳai</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">it͡ɕaʈəʃ</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaɳai</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ij</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>ɖaɲaujid nipip ʈiɲip t͡ʃek t͡ɕenid ɲaɳai dawoɲəɡuʂ jiw ɲaɳai dit͡ɕaʈəʃuʂ tiw ɲaɳai dijuʂ tiw</p> + <p>д̇ањаўјид нипип т̇ињип чек ћенид њан̇ай давоњәґус̇ јив њан̇ай дићат̇әшус̇ тив њан̇ай дијус̇ тив</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɖaɲauj</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-d</o> + <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nip</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-p</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʈiɲ</o> + <g>eat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-p</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃek</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ɕen</o> + <g>buy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-d</o> + <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲaɳai</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>awoɲəɡ</o> + <g>cheese</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>j-</o> + <g>cl.1</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲaɳai</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>it͡ɕaʈəʃ</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲaɳai</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ij</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Д̇ањаўјид нипип т̇ињип чек ћенид њан̇ай давоњәґус̇ јив њан̇ай дићат̇әшус̇ тив њан̇ай дијус̇ тив. [ɖaɲaujid nipip ʈiɲip t͡ʃek t͡ɕenid ɲaɳai dawoɲəɡuʂ jiw ɲaɳai dit͡ɕaʈəʃuʂ tiw ɲaɳai dijuʂ tiw] ɖaɲauj pat -i PAST -d 1excl.sing.SUBJ nip catch -i PAST -p 3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ ʈiɲ eat -i PAST -p 3.sing.cl.1.SUBJ t͡ʃek 1excl.sing t͡ɕen buy -i PAST -d 1excl.sing.SUBJ ɲaɳai COMP d- no.owner.POSS awoɲəɡ cheese -uʂ sing j- cl.1 iw the ɲaɳai COMP d- no.owner.POSS it͡ɕaʈəʃ mouse -uʂ sing t- cl.3 iw the ɲaɳai COMP d- no.owner.POSS ij cat -uʂ sing t- cl.3 iw the “I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.” | (26) |
Complementation Strategies
Eshuh introduces complement clauses with a dedicated complementiser, similar to English that. The complementiser appears at the beginning of the embedded clause and signals that the clause functions as a syntactic argument. The embedded clause is fully finite and displays the same tense, aspect and agreement patterns as independent clauses.
The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:
initial XML:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>surprise</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>give</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj">
<noun>teacher</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>surprise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>give</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </subs> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj"> - <noun>teacher</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> - </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> - </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> + <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> + </np> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <np role="subj"> + <np role="subj" case="ACT"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <np role="subj" case="ACT"> + <np role="subj" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> + <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA"> + <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.6"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <np role="subj" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> + <np role="subj" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4"> + <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.6"> + <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.6">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.6">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.6">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.6"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/possessor/obligatoryGot no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for give/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for give/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for give/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for surprise/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for surprise/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for surprise/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for teacher/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for teacher/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.6">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.6"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> - <s> - <np role="subj" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> - <subs> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> + <flat> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.6"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.6"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> - </subs> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.6"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="u ɡ">uɡ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.6" ph="n o ŋ">noŋ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ">t͡ɕ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="o n">on</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" ph="o m i ɳ ə t͡ɕ">omiɳət͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɲ a ɳ ai">ɲaɳai</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" ph="ɡ u s e ʂ">ɡuseʂ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ">t͡ɕ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="u b i d u l">ubidul</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="u ɡ">uɡ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.6" ph="n o ŋ">noŋ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ">t͡ɕ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="o n">on</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner" ph="o m i ɳ ə t͡ɕ">omiɳət͡ɕ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" ph="ɲ a ɳ ai">ɲaɳai</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" ph="ɡ u s e ʂ">ɡuseʂ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ">t͡ɕ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="u b i d u l">ubidul</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">uɡ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="3.sing.cl.6">noŋ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ">t͡ɕ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">on</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" gender="cl.6" possessor="no.owner">omiɳət͡ɕ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="subj" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">ɲaɳai</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4">ɡuseʂ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ">t͡ɕ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">ubidul</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">uɡ</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">noŋ</span><br><span class="gls">give</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-t͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.4.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">on</span><br><span class="gls">girl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">omiɳət͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaɳai</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɡuseʂ</span><br><span class="gls">surprise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-t͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.4.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ubidul</span><br><span class="gls">teacher</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span></p> + <p>duɡuʂ piw noŋit͡ɕ donuʂ piw domiɳət͡ɕuʂ ɲaɳai ɡuseʂit͡ɕ dubiduluʂ piw</p> + <p>дуґус̇ пив ноӈић донус̇ пив домин̇әћус̇ њан̇ай ґусес̇ић дубидулус̇ пив</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>uɡ</o> + <g>boy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>p-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>noŋ</o> + <g>give</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-t͡ɕ</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>on</o> + <g>girl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>p-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>omiɳət͡ɕ</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲaɳai</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɡuseʂ</o> + <g>surprise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-t͡ɕ</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ubidul</o> + <g>teacher</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>p-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Дуґус̇ пив ноӈић донус̇ пив домин̇әћус̇ њан̇ай ґусес̇ић дубидулус̇ пив. [duɡuʂ piw noŋit͡ɕ donuʂ piw domiɳət͡ɕuʂ ɲaɳai ɡuseʂit͡ɕ dubiduluʂ piw] d- no.owner.POSS uɡ boy -uʂ sing p- cl.4 iw the noŋ give -i PAST -t͡ɕ 3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ d- no.owner.POSS on girl -uʂ sing p- cl.4 iw the d- no.owner.POSS omiɳət͡ɕ apple -uʂ sing ɲaɳai COMP ɡuseʂ surprise -i PAST -t͡ɕ 3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ d- no.owner.POSS ubidul teacher -uʂ sing p- cl.4 iw the “It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.” | (27) |
Quotes
Eshuh expresses quoted or reported speech without a dedicated quotative particle. Quotations appear as ordinary clauses, distinguished only by the surrounding syntactic context or by the use of verbs of speaking.
Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:
initial XML:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>tell</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<subs>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>tell</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <subs> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </subs> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module articles:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module complementise:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<subs>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> + </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <subs> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> - </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> </s> </example>
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <subs> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
No change.
createpronouns:
No change.
module markowned:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/> </subs> </np> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl">
<subs>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="1excl.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
- <word gloss="the" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner" person="2">
- <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
- <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp"/>
+ <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/possessor/obligatoryGot no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for tell/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for tell/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for tell/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 3.sing.cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/possessor/obligatory
Got no.owner
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/number/obligatory
Got sing
About to call getSlotValue for the/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/ta/obligatory
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/subj/obligatory
Got 1excl.sing
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="1excl.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="1excl.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">
+ <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
+ <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing"/>
<thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner" person="2">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"/>
</np>
<word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl"/>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> - <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> + <flat> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="1excl.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"> <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl"> - <subs> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner" person="2"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"/> - </np> <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl"/> - </subs> - </np> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active"/> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner"/> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl"/> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="u ɡ">uɡ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="1excl.sing" ph="ʃ ə h">ʃəh</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ">t͡ɕ</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="o n">on</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" ph="t͡ʃ e k">t͡ʃek</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing" ph="t͡ɕ au ɡ">t͡ɕauɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner" ph="s a t͡ɕ">sat͡ɕ</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl" ph="ɲ a ɳ ai">ɲaɳai</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <flat> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="u ɡ">uɡ</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="1excl.sing" ph="ʃ ə h">ʃəh</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="i">i</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="t͡ɕ">t͡ɕ</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS" attach="prefix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="o n">on</word> - <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing" attach="suffix" ph="u ʂ">uʂ</thingy> - <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="p">p</thingy> - <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner" ph="i w">iw</word> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner" ph="t͡ʃ e k">t͡ʃek</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing" ph="t͡ɕ au ɡ">t͡ɕauɡ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph="ə">ə</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ" attach="suffix" ph="d">d</thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="enclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpvoice" function="enclitic" gloss="active" ph=""></thingy> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner" ph="s a t͡ɕ">sat͡ɕ</word> - <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl" ph="ɲ a ɳ ai">ɲaɳai</word> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">uɡ</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.sing.cl.4" indobj="3.sing.cl.4" obj="1excl.sing">ʃəh</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">i</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ">t͡ɕ</thingy> + <thingy type="nounpossessor" function="prefix" gloss="no.owner.POSS">d</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">on</word> + <thingy type="nounnumber" function="suffix" gloss="sing">uʂ</thingy> + <thingy type="detgender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">p</thingy> + <word gloss="the" posp="det" def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" case="DAT" gender="cl.4" possessor="no.owner">iw</word> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="1excl.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" case="ACT" possessor="no.owner">t͡ʃek</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl.sing" obj="2.sing">t͡ɕauɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES">ə</thingy> + <thingy type="verbsubj" function="suffix" gloss="1excl.sing.SUBJ">d</thingy> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron" gloss="2.sing" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" case="STA" possessor="no.owner">sat͡ɕ</word> + <word gloss="COMP" posp="pp" role="obj" tr="rheme" case="STA" gender="cl.4" number="sing" possessor="no.owner" person="1excl">ɲaɳai</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">uɡ</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃəh</span><br><span class="gls">tell</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-i</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-t͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">3.sing.cl.4.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d-</span><br><span class="gls">no.owner.<span class="glssc">POSS</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">on</span><br><span class="gls">girl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-uʂ</span><br><span class="gls">sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">p-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">iw</span><br><span class="gls">the</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ʃek</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">t͡ɕauɡ</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-ə</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PRES</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-d</span><br><span class="gls">1excl.sing.<span class="glssc">SUBJ</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sat͡ɕ</span><br><span class="gls">2.sing</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaɳai</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMP</span></span></span></p> + <p>duɡuʂ piw ʃəhit͡ɕ donuʂ piw t͡ʃek t͡ɕauɡəd sat͡ɕ ɲaɳai</p> + <p>дуґус̇ пив шәгић донус̇ пив чек ћаўґәд саћ њан̇ай</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>uɡ</o> + <g>boy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>p-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃəh</o> + <g>tell</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-i</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-t͡ɕ</o> + <g>3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d-</o> + <g>no.owner.POSS</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>on</o> + <g>girl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-uʂ</o> + <g>sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>p-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>iw</o> + <g>the</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ʃek</o> + <g>1excl.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>t͡ɕauɡ</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-ə</o> + <g>PRES</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-d</o> + <g>1excl.sing.SUBJ</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sat͡ɕ</o> + <g>2.sing</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲaɳai</o> + <g>COMP</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Дуґус̇ пив шәгић донус̇ пив чек ћаўґәд саћ њан̇ай. [duɡuʂ piw ʃəhit͡ɕ donuʂ piw t͡ʃek t͡ɕauɡəd sat͡ɕ ɲaɳai] d- no.owner.POSS uɡ boy -uʂ sing p- cl.4 iw the ʃəh tell -i PAST -t͡ɕ 3.sing.cl.4.SUBJ d- no.owner.POSS on girl -uʂ sing p- cl.4 iw the t͡ʃek 1excl.sing t͡ɕauɡ love -ə PRES -d 1excl.sing.SUBJ sat͡ɕ 2.sing ɲaɳai COMP “The boy told the girl that he loved her.” | (28) |
How to cite this grammar
Language Creator. 2026. A Grammar of Eshuh. Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 7 October 2026. https://languagecreator.org/grammar/5LW2B
In BibTeX format:
@misc{LC-5LW2B,
year = 2026,
author = {{Language Creator}},
title = {A Grammar of {Eshuh}},
howpublished = {\url{https://languagecreator.org/grammar/5LW2B}},
note = {Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 7 October 2026}
}
Supplementary Materials
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