A Grammar of Bozh
Introduction
Scope and Purpose
This grammar provides a systematic description of the Bozh language (the 1945th one produced by the Language Creator), outlining its sound system, word formation and syntactic structure, with the aim of presenting a coherent account of the language as an integrated whole. Attention has been paid to both regular patterns and minor irregularities, as these together define the internal balance of the language.
The grammar is accompanied by a bilingual dictionary and a collection of illustrative texts, offering material for further study and comparison. The examples have been selected to demonstrate typical constructions and to give a sense of the language in extended use. The description is intended as a reference work for linguists and language enthusiasts alike, and as a foundation for any future research, teaching or creative adaptation of Bozh.
Typological Profile
It has four genders and a disproportionately large set of glottal and uvular consonants.Phonology
Phoneme Inventory
Consonants
Bozh has an extremely large consonant inventory, totalling 91 phonemes. Such a system is exceptional in scale.
It has a disproportionately large set of glottal and uvular consonants, a wide range of approximant contrasts, a notably rich set of sibilant contrasts, a broad set of voiced–voiceless oppositions and a noticeable presence of pharyngealised phonemes.The table below presents the full inventory of consonant phonemes in Bozh. The chart lists all places and manners of articulation attested in the language.
| labial | dental | lab. dental | phar. dental | alveolar | lab. alveolar | phar. alveolar | postalveolar | lateral | palatal | retroflex | velar | lab. velar | uvular | lab. uvular | glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stop | p b | d t | dʷ tʷ | dˤ tˤ | ɖ ʈ | k ɡ | kʷ ɡʷ | q ɢ | qʷ ɢʷ | ʔ | ||||||
| ejective stop | pʼ | tʼ | tʷʼ | tˤʼ | ʈʼ | kʼ | kʷʼ | qʼ | qʷʼ | |||||||
| nasal | m | n | nʷ | nˤ | ɲ | ɳ | ŋ | ŋʷ | ||||||||
| trill/tap/flap | r | rʷ | rˤ | ɽ | ||||||||||||
| fricative | f | s z | sʷ zʷ | sˤ zˤ | ʃ ʒ | ʂ ʐ | h | |||||||||
| approximant | ɥ | ɹ | ɹʷ | ɹˤ | l | j | ɻ | |||||||||
| affricate | d͡z t͡s | d͡zʷ t͡sʷ | d͡zˤ t͡sˤ | d͡ʒ t͡ʃ | ||||||||||||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ɗʷ | ɗˤ | ᶑ | ʄ | ||||||||||
| click | ᵏǀ | ᵏǀʷ | ᵏǀˤ | ᵏǁ | ||||||||||||
| ejective click | ᵏǀʼ | ᵏǀʷʼ | ᵏǀˤʼ | ᵏǁʼ | ||||||||||||
| click, nasal | ᵑǀ | ᵑǀʷ | ᵑǀˤ | ᵑǁ | ||||||||||||
| ejective click, nasal | ᵑǀʼ | ᵑǀʷʼ | ᵑǀˤʼ | ᵑǁʼ |
Vowels
Bozh has more than 14 vowel qualities. This constitutes an exceptionally rich vowel inventory, with numerous distinct categories represented in the chart.
It has a fully developed system of nasal vowels matching the oral height distinctions, phonologically distinctive back unrounded vowels, a regular pattern of underlying ghost nuclei that often delete, a maximally “square” vowel system balancing heights across backness and a fully three-way front–central–back distinction.The table below presents the full inventory of vowel phonemes in Bozh. The system comprises the distinct vowel qualities listed in the chart.
| front | central | back unrounded | back rounded | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| close | i ĩ | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɯ ɯ̃ | u ũ |
| close-mid | e ẽ | o õ | ||
| mid | ə ə̃ | ɤ | ||
| open | a ã | ɑ ɑ̃ |
Stress and Tones
Bozh has phonemic stress and 2 lexical tones. Each lexical item carries a tonal specification associated with the first vowel of the root, which determines the overall tonal contour of the word.
Phonological Processes
Vowel Harmony
Vowel harmony does not exist in this language.
Writing System
Introduction
Bozh is normally written using the Latin alphabet, whose familiarity makes it straightforward for most readers. For clarity and precision, phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are also provided throughout this grammar.
Orthography
Here are the various components of the orthography:
Simple letters
| a /a/ | b /b/ | c /ᵏǀ/ | c̣ /ᵏǀˤ/ |
| d /d/ | ḍ /dˤ/ | e /ə/ | f /f/ |
| g /ɡ/ | h /h/ | i /i/ | j /d͡ʒ/ |
| k /k/ | l /l/ | m /m/ | n /n/ |
| ṇ /nˤ/ | o /o/ | p /p/ | q /q/ |
| r /r/ | ṛ /rˤ/ | s /s/ | ṣ /sˤ/ |
| t /t/ | ṭ /tˤ/ | u /u/ | w /w/ |
| x /ᵏǁ/ | y /j/ | z /z/ | ẓ /zˤ/ |
| å /ɑ/ | é /e/ | ï /ɨ/ | ñ /ɲ/ |
| ơ /ɤ/ | ư /ɯ/ | ɥ /ɥ/ | ɹ /ɹ/ |
| ɹ̣ /ɹˤ/ | ɻ /ɻ/ | ẽ /ə̃/ |
Multi-letter combinations such as digraphs
| aa /aː/ | ai /ai/ | an /ã/ |
| anan /ãː/ | au /au/ | bb /ɓ/ |
| bp /pʼ/ | ch /t͡ʃ/ | cw /ᵏǀʷ/ |
| dd /ɗ/ | ddw /ɗʷ/ | dḍ /ɗˤ/ |
| dt /tʼ/ | dtw /tʼʷ/ | dṭ /tʼˤ/ |
| dw /dʷ/ | dz /d͡z/ | dzw /d͡zʷ/ |
| dẓ /d͡zˤ/ | ee /əː/ | gk /kʼ/ |
| gq /qʼ/ | gqu /kʼʷ/ | gqw /qʼʷ/ |
| gw /ɡʷ/ | ii /iː/ | in /ĩ/ |
| inin /ĩː/ | jj /ʄ/ | nc /ᵑǀ/ |
| ncw /ᵑǀʷ/ | nc̣ /ᵑǀˤ/ | ng /ŋ/ |
| ngw /ŋʷ/ | nw /nʷ/ | nx /ᵑǁ/ |
| on /õ/ | onon /õː/ | oo /oː/ |
| qu /kʷ/ | qw /qʷ/ | rd /ɖ/ |
| rdd /ᶑ/ | rn /ɳ/ | rr /ɽ/ |
| rs /ʂ/ | rt /ʈ/ | rw /rʷ/ |
| rz /ʐ/ | sh /ʃ/ | sw /sʷ/ |
| tw /tʷ/ | tz /t͡s/ | tzw /t͡sʷ/ |
| tẓ /t͡sˤ/ | un /ũ/ | unun /ũː/ |
| uu /uː/ | zh /ʒ/ | zw /zʷ/ |
| ån /ɑ̃/ | ånån /ɑ̃ː/ | åå /ɑː/ |
| én /ẽ/ | énén /ẽː/ | éé /eː/ |
| ïn /ɨ̃/ | ïnïn /ɨ̃ː/ | ïï /ɨː/ |
| ħg /ɢ/ | ħgw /ɢʷ/ | ơơ /ɤː/ |
| ưn /ɯ̃/ | ưnưn /ɯ̃ː/ | ưư /ɯː/ |
| ɔi /ɔi/ | ɹw /ɹʷ/ | ʈʼ /ʈʼ/ |
| ᵏǀʼ /ᵏǀʼ/ | ᵏǀʼw /ᵏǀʼʷ/ | ᵏǀʼ̣ /ᵏǀʼˤ/ |
| ᵏǁʼ /ᵏǁʼ/ | ᵑǀʼ /ᵑǀʼ/ | ᵑǀʼw /ᵑǀʼʷ/ |
| ᵑǀʼ̣ /ᵑǀʼˤ/ | ᵑǁʼ /ᵑǁʼ/ | ’ /ʔ/ |
Diacritics
| ◌̀ /̰ˈ/ |
Word Classes and Morphology
Number and Gender
Number
Bozh does not have grammatical number.
Gender
Bozh has the following genders:
Gender cl.1 – for instance: dtwừɥ ‘sun’, dzi’een ‘money’, dẓïswdṭờp ‘rope’, gkiiẓb ‘rain’, gqwirsdtïï̀rzgq ‘plain’, kaiɻ ‘ear’, nxiǹsqu ‘year’, ṇozhḍ ‘sea’, ṇïrdaàtẓ ‘sand’, rdunungqw ‘star’, rnïï̀zhgk ‘mother’, rrauṣʈʼ ‘earth’, rruùrdd ‘eye’, rzgquwưnưǹl ‘forest’, sbpadzw ‘woman’, sqiniǹh ‘daughter’, zgqwizgqu ‘fire’, ẓbpưừbb ‘time’, ñénéǹqw ‘water’, ɻìṛ ‘nose’.
Gender cl.2 – for instance: c̣ingéṛ ‘knee’, dwï̀gw ‘boy’, dưtwiǹrw ‘bosom’, gqưưrt ‘back’, qwach ‘husband’, rstwïdonrzgq ‘faeces’, rsårnanaǹdz ‘fingernail’, shïtưưtzw ‘penis’, sṭénéǹɥ ‘speech’, swgqwåå̀dtw ‘mouth’, twiddwozwrd ‘guts’, twéét ‘city’, zhħgwåḍaùẓ ‘vagina’, zhʈʼɔìzhdtw ‘son’, zwgwénéǹshṭ ‘language’, zwiǹṣdt ‘friend’, zwtwèrzt ‘heart’, ñatzarzk ‘hunter’, ɹapiìsdṭ ‘liver’, ᵑǀʼ̣utz ‘bone’.
Gender cl.3 – for instance: dtưqùṣdṭ ‘flower’, dṭirstwơzwqw ‘bank’, dẓashuɹw ‘court’, gqurwam ‘seed’, gwaizw’ ‘idea’, nazwgwé̀ṣṭ ‘horn’, qwirddib ‘net’, rddézoòp ‘feather’, rsgquừswp ‘north’, rsờswgqw ‘chair’, rzïrdaang ‘market’, swaḍék ‘religion’, swdtwbiizħg ‘ash’, swgkéɹèzhʈʼ ‘embrace’, sʈʼijïï̀rstw ‘breast’, ṣqwaurzd ‘house’, xṣìzhʈʼ ‘medicine’, ztwaɹ̣å̀gqu ‘jaguar’, ɹ̣ésdṭéérzṭ ‘student’, ʈʼơzhħg ‘west’.
Gender cl.4 – for instance: bbïnïǹzhħgw ‘fight’, bizhezhħgw ‘wild boar’, buʈʼòẓb ‘worm’, dzwoòrs ‘bird’, mẓestw ‘bark’, qwil ‘road’, rsgquinɹ̣ ‘animal’, rsṭiǹʈʼ ‘dog’, rsơngw ‘inside’, siħg ‘meat’, twinindḍ ‘fruit’, tẓiṣtìdd ‘mammal’, zwḍiirsq ‘fish’, zwgquìzhḍ ‘top’, zwtwobbé̀rsdtw ‘lamb’, ɹwaiw ‘people’, ɹwdtïẓt ‘box’, ɹwåṣ’èɻ ‘cheese’, ɹwåɹwé̀zwħgw ‘tiger’, ᵏǀʼwìb ‘human being’.
The Nominal Phrase
Nominal phrases in Bozh can be exemplified by the following example:
initial XML:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def">
<noun>woman</noun>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>knife</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
<adj>blind</adj>
<num>three</num>
<det>yon</det>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>woman</noun> + <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>knife</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> - <adj>blind</adj> - <num>three</num> - <det>yon</det> + <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/> + <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2verb:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+ <relp>
+ <vp tam="pres-state">
+ <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="blind"/>
+ </vp>
+ <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word posp="adj" gloss="blind"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
+ </relp>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <relp> - <vp tam="pres-state"> + <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="blind"/> </vp> <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
<word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="blind"/>
</vp>
- <np head="this" role="subj" number="plur">
+ </subs>
+ <np role="subj" number="plur">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
- </relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<subs>
<vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
<word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="blind"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np role="subj" number="plur">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module constorder:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> </np> </pp> </np> <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="blind"/> </vp> </subs> <np role="subj" number="plur"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="blind"/> </vp> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="plur"> + <np role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <s> - <np role="subj" number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/> <pp role="comitative"> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/> </np> </pp> </np> - <np role="obj" def="def" number="plur" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <subs> <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="blind"/> </vp> </subs> - <np role="subj" number="plur" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="subj" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<subs>
<vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
<word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="blind"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np role="subj" gender="cl.4">
+ <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
- <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<subs>
<vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
<word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="blind"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np role="subj" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
</np>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<np role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<subs>
<vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
<word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="blind"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np role="subj" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
- <np role="obj" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<subs>
<vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
<word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="blind"/>
</vp>
</subs>
- <np role="subj" gender="cl.4">
+ <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
</np>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="woman"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/>
<pp role="comitative">
- <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="knife"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<subs>
<vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
- <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="blind"/>
+ <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="blind" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number">
- <word posp="det" gloss="yon"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- <word posp="num" gloss="three"/>
+ <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number"/>
+ <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
calling defaultval for case/defaultval: det, case
returning NOM
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for woman/noun/case/optionalAbout to call getSlotValue for woman/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for knife/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for knife/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for blind/verb/voice/optional
About to call getSlotValue for blind/verb/ta/optional
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for blind/verb/negation/optional
About to call getSlotValue for blind/verb/question/optional
About to call getSlotValue for yon/det/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for yon/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.">
<s>
<np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/>
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="knife" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/>
</np>
</pp>
</np>
<subs>
<vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">
<word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="blind" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number">
+ <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
<word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number"/>
<word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> - <s> - <np role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <flat> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> - <pp role="comitative"> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/> - <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> - </np> - </pp> - </np> - <subs> - <vp tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"> <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="blind" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number"/> <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="blind" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number"/> - <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="s+pʼ a ˈ d͡zʷ">spʼaˈd͡zʷ</word> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative" ph="z i ɓ o ̰ˈ ʐ+p">ziɓo̰ˈʐp</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="ɓ i">ɓi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="ɢ ɑ ̰ˈ tʼʷ">ɢɑ̰ˈtʼʷ</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="blind" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="zʷ+ɢ iː ̰ˈ ʂ+ʈʼ">zʷɢiː̰ˈʂʈʼ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" ph="ə ̰ˈ">ə̰ˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="sˤ+t">sˤt</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" ph="sˤ+ʔ ɨ ʂ+ʈʼ i# ̰ˈ sˤ+k">sˤʔɨʂʈʼi#̰ˈsˤk</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" ph="ᵑǁʼ e ̰ˈ zʷ+ʈʼ">ᵑǁʼḛˈzʷʈʼ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4" ph="d͡ʒ ɨ ̰ˈ ʐ">d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="nomphr" translation="The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="s+pʼ a ˈ d͡zʷ">spʼaˈd͡zʷ</word> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative" ph="z i ɓ o ̰ˈ ʐ+p">ziɓo̰ˈʐp</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="ɓ i">ɓi</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="ɢ ɑ ̰ˈ tʼʷ">ɢɑ̰ˈtʼʷ</word> - <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="blind" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES" ph="zʷ+ɢ iː ̰ˈ ʂ+ʈʼ">zʷɢiː̰ˈʂʈʼ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy> - <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" ph="ə ̰ˈ">ə̰ˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="sˤ+t">sˤt</thingy> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" ph="sˤ+ʔ ɨ ʂ+ʈʼ i# ̰ˈ sˤ+k">sˤʔɨʂʈʼi#̰ˈsˤk</word> - <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number" ph="ᵑǁʼ e ̰ˈ zʷ+ʈʼ">ᵑǁʼḛˈzʷʈʼ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4" ph="d͡ʒ ɨ ̰ˈ ʐ">d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="woman" role="subj" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.1">spʼaˈd͡zʷ</word> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative">ziɓo̰ˈʐp</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">ɓi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="knife" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3">ɢɑ̰ˈtʼʷ</word> + <word lexposp="adj" posp="verb" gloss="blind" tam="pres-state" ta="PRES">zʷɢiː̰ˈʂʈʼ</word> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">k</thingy> + <word posp="det" gloss="yon" role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number">ə̰ˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4">sˤt</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number">sˤʔɨʂʈʼi#̰ˈsˤk</word> + <word posp="num" gloss="three" role="obj" gender="cl.4" def="def" tr="rheme" locus="number">ᵑǁʼḛˈzʷʈʼ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4">d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈspʼad͡zʷ</span><br><span class="gls">woman</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ziɓo̰ˈʐp</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMIT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɓi-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɢɑ̰ˈtʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">knife</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zʷɢiː̰ˈʂʈʼ</span><br><span class="gls">blind</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">k-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ə̰ˈ</span><br><span class="gls">yon</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-sˤt</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǁʼḛˈzʷʈʼ</span><br><span class="gls">three</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈspʼad͡zʷ ziɓo̰ˈʐp ɓiɢɑ̰ˈtʼʷ zʷɢiː̰ˈʂʈʼ kə̰ˈsˤt ʐɨsˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk ᵑǁʼḛˈzʷʈʼ d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐaqʷ</p> + <p>sbpadzw zibbòrzp bbiħgå̀dtw zwħgiìrsʈʼ kèṣt rzïṣ’ïrsʈʼiǹṣk ᵑǁʼé̀zwʈʼ jï̀rzaqw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈspʼad͡zʷ</o> + <g>woman</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ziɓo̰ˈʐp</o> + <g>COMIT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɓi-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɢɑ̰ˈtʼʷ</o> + <g>knife</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zʷɢiː̰ˈʂʈʼ</o> + <g>blind</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>k-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ə̰ˈ</o> + <g>yon</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-sˤt</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵑǁʼḛˈzʷʈʼ</o> + <g>three</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Sbpadzw zibbòrzp bbiħgå̀dtw zwħgiìrsʈʼ kèṣt rzïṣ’ïrsʈʼiǹṣk ᵑǁʼé̀zwʈʼ jï̀rzaqw. [ˈspʼad͡zʷ ziɓo̰ˈʐp ɓiɢɑ̰ˈtʼʷ zʷɢiː̰ˈʂʈʼ kə̰ˈsˤt ʐɨsˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk ᵑǁʼḛˈzʷʈʼ d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐaqʷ] ˈspʼad͡zʷ woman ziɓo̰ˈʐp COMIT ɓi- cl.3 ɢɑ̰ˈtʼʷ knife zʷɢiː̰ˈʂʈʼ blind k- NOM ə̰ˈ yon -sˤt cl.4 ʐɨ- cl.4 sˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk mouse ᵑǁʼḛˈzʷʈʼ three d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ catch -aqʷ PAST “The woman with the knife caught those three blind mice.” | (1) |
In the following, we shall look at the various components in more details.
There are no clitics in the nominal phrase.The Noun
The noun in Bozh consists of first, an optional prefix expressing case, comprising ɹư- /ɹɯ-/ ‘GEN’, qwå- /qʷɑ-/ ‘DAT’, wé- /we-/ ‘INS’, rz’a- /ʐʔa-/ ‘VOC’, rz’- /ʐʔᵊ-/ ‘ALL’, rsgkï- /ʂkʼɨ-/ ‘LOC’, zhṭa- /ʒtˤa-/ ‘ABL’ and c̣i- /ᵏǀˤi-/ ‘PART’; second, an optional prefix expressing gender, comprising yå- /jɑ-/ ‘cl.2’, bbi- /ɓi-/ ‘cl.3’ and rzï- /ʐɨ-/ ‘cl.4’; and finally, third, the root.
The noun displays the following derivational morphology: 20 prefixes, namely di- /di-/ ‘little’, dzwé- /d͡zʷe-/ ‘big’, rzṭa- /ʐtˤa-/ ‘old’, ᵑǁʼo- /ᵑǁʼo-/ ‘new’, nwu- /nʷu-/ ‘good’, zo- /zo-/ ‘bad’, swqw- /sʷqʷᵊ-/ ‘have’, ɥå- /ɥɑ-/ ‘use’, zwu- /zʷu-/ ‘see’, ᵏǀʼï- /ᵏǀʼɨ-/ ‘make’, ngwé- /ŋʷe-/ ‘break’, dwư- /dʷɯ-/ ‘eat’, lï- /lɨ-/ ‘drink’, rtï- /ʈɨ-/ ‘wear’, sï- /sɨ-/ ‘own’, rsgqwa- /ʂqʼʷa-/ ‘contain’, ᵏǀʼå- /ᵏǀʼɑ-/ ‘hold’, qué- /kʷe-/ ‘lack’, co- /ᵏǀo-/ ‘touch’ and ṣta- /sˤta-/ ‘carry’
The Adjective
In Bozh, the adjective has the following structure: first, an obligatory prefix expressing gender, comprising h- /h-/ ‘cl.1’, swp- /sʷp-/ ‘cl.2’, ħgw- /ɢʷ-/ ‘cl.3’ and zwp- /zʷp-/ ‘cl.4’; second, the root; and finally, third, an optional suffix expressing case, comprising -usw’ /-usʷʔ/ ‘GEN’, -ådẓ /-ɑd͡zˤ/ ‘DAT’, -uzwgw /-uzʷɡʷ/ ‘INS’, -éh /-eh/ ‘VOC’, -ubb /-uɓ/ ‘ALL’, -åsdṭ /-ɑstʼˤ/ ‘LOC’, -åɹw /-ɑɹʷ/ ‘ABL’ and -usdtw /-ustʼʷ/ ‘PART’.
Numerals
The numeral in Bozh stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
Determiners
In Bozh, the determiner has the following structure: first, an obligatory prefix expressing case, comprising k- /k-/ ‘NOM’, ṣʈʼ- /sˤʈʼ-/ ‘GEN’, shqw- /ʃqʷ-/ ‘DAT’, ħgw- /ɢʷ-/ ‘INS’, nc- /ᵑǀ-/ ‘VOC’, sgqw- /sqʼʷ-/ ‘ALL’, zwq- /zʷq-/ ‘LOC’, ᵑǀʼw- /ᵑǀʼʷ-/ ‘ABL’ and ẓgqw- /zˤqʼʷ-/ ‘PART’; second, the root; and finally, third, an obligatory suffix expressing gender, comprising -zwp /-zʷp/ ‘cl.1’, -zwḍ /-zʷdˤ/ ‘cl.2’, -ṣdtw /-sˤtʼʷ/ ‘cl.3’ and -ṣt /-sˤt/ ‘cl.4’.
Pronouns
The pronoun in Bozh stands alone without any prefixes or suffixes attached to it.
In Bozh, subject pronouns (but not object pronouns ones) are dropped unless they are stressed. Here is an example where neither of the pronouns are stressed:
initial XML:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <word posp="pron" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.cl.2"/> </np> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="pron" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.cl.2"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <s> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> - <word posp="pron" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.cl.2"/> - </np> <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1"/>
+ <word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/voice/optionalGot active
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/ta/optional
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl).">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> - <s> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <flat> <word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <flat> - <word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" ph="zˤ+ɡ o# ˈ z+tˤ">zˤɡo#ˈztˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1" ph="ᵏǀʼʷ o# ˈ sˤ+p">ᵏǀʼʷo#ˈsˤp</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="love2" translation="He (the boy) loves her (the girl)."> <flat> - <word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" ph="zˤ+ɡ o# ˈ z+tˤ">zˤɡo#ˈztˤ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1" ph="ᵏǀʼʷ o# ˈ sˤ+p">ᵏǀʼʷo#ˈsˤp</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number">zˤɡo#ˈztˤ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1">ᵏǀʼʷo#ˈsˤp</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈzˤɡõztˤ</span><br><span class="gls">3.cl.1</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀʼʷõsˤp</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span></p> + <p>ˈzˤɡõztˤ ˈᵏǀʼʷõsˤp</p> + <p>ẓgonzṭ ᵏǀʼwonṣp</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈzˤɡõztˤ</o> + <g>3.cl.1</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀʼʷõsˤp</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ẓgonzṭ ᵏǀʼwonṣp. [ˈzˤɡõztˤ ˈᵏǀʼʷõsˤp] ˈzˤɡõztˤ 3.cl.1 ˈᵏǀʼʷõsˤp love “He (the boy) loves her (the girl).” | (2) |
But here, the word corresponding to he (i.e., the subject) is stressed:
initial XML:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <s> - <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <word posp="pron" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.cl.2"/> </np> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="pron" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.cl.2"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="pron" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.cl.2"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
- <word posp="pron" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.cl.2"/>
+ <word posp="pron" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.cl.2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1"/>
+ <word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/voice/optionalGot active
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/ta/optional
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="pron" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.cl.2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> - <s> - <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <flat> <word posp="pron" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.cl.2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number"/> - </np> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <flat> - <word posp="pron" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.cl.2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number"/> - <word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <word posp="pron" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.cl.2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" ph="ʒ+b u ˈ zˤ+tʼʷ">ʒbuˈzˤtʼʷ</word> + <word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" ph="zˤ+ɡ o# ˈ z+tˤ">zˤɡo#ˈztˤ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1" ph="ᵏǀʼʷ o# ˈ sˤ+p">ᵏǀʼʷo#ˈsˤp</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="love2he" translation="*He* loves her."> <flat> - <word posp="pron" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.cl.2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number" ph="ʒ+b u ˈ zˤ+tʼʷ">ʒbuˈzˤtʼʷ</word> - <word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number" ph="zˤ+ɡ o# ˈ z+tˤ">zˤɡo#ˈztˤ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1" ph="ᵏǀʼʷ o# ˈ sˤ+p">ᵏǀʼʷo#ˈsˤp</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="pron" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.cl.2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">ʒbuˈzˤtʼʷ</word> + <word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1" def="def" tr="theme" role="obj" locus="number">zˤɡo#ˈztˤ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1">ᵏǀʼʷo#ˈsˤp</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʒbuzˤtʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">3.cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈzˤɡõztˤ</span><br><span class="gls">3.cl.1</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀʼʷõsˤp</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span></p> + <p>ˈʒbuzˤtʼʷ ˈzˤɡõztˤ ˈᵏǀʼʷõsˤp</p> + <p>zhbuẓdtw ẓgonzṭ ᵏǀʼwonṣp</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈʒbuzˤtʼʷ</o> + <g>3.cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈzˤɡõztˤ</o> + <g>3.cl.1</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀʼʷõsˤp</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Zhbuẓdtw ẓgonzṭ ᵏǀʼwonṣp. [ˈʒbuzˤtʼʷ ˈzˤɡõztˤ ˈᵏǀʼʷõsˤp] ˈʒbuzˤtʼʷ 3.cl.2 ˈzˤɡõztˤ 3.cl.1 ˈᵏǀʼʷõsˤp love “He loves her.” | (3) |
Proper Nouns
initial XML:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>hate</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>NN1</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>NN2</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>hate</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>NN1</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>NN2</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="hate"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for NN1/noun/case/optionalAbout to call getSlotValue for NN1/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for NN2/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for NN2/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for hate/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for hate/verb/ta/optional
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for hate/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for hate/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> - <s> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <flat> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/> - </np> - <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
-<example id="loveprop" translation="NN1 hates NN2."> +<example id="loveprop" translation="Tazuzahp hates Nkast."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="NN1" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="NN2" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Tazuzahp" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2" propernoun="yes" ph="t a zˤ ɯ# ˈ ʒ+p">tazˤɯ#ˈʒp</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Nkast" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" propernoun="yes" ph="nʷ ᵊ kʼʷ ə ˈ s+ʈʼ">nʷᵊkʼʷəˈsʈʼ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1" ph="z+ɢ o qʼ ɑː ̰ˈ zʷ+ɢ">zɢoqʼɑː̰ˈzʷɢ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="loveprop" translation="Tazuzahp hates Nkast."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="Tazuzahp" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2" propernoun="yes" ph="t a zˤ ɯ# ˈ ʒ+p">tazˤɯ#ˈʒp</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="Nkast" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" propernoun="yes" ph="nʷ ᵊ kʼʷ ə ˈ s+ʈʼ">nʷᵊkʼʷəˈsʈʼ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1" ph="z+ɢ o qʼ ɑː ̰ˈ zʷ+ɢ">zɢoqʼɑː̰ˈzʷɢ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Tazuzahp" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2" propernoun="yes">tazˤɯ#ˈʒp</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="Nkast" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" propernoun="yes">nʷᵊkʼʷəˈsʈʼ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="hate" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.1">zɢoqʼɑː̰ˈzʷɢ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jɑ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">taˈzˤɯ̃ʒp</span><br><span class="gls">Tazuzahp</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nʷᵊˈkʼʷəsʈʼ</span><br><span class="gls">Nkast</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zɢoqʼɑː̰ˈzʷɢ</span><br><span class="gls">hate</span></span></p> + <p>jɑtaˈzˤɯ̃ʒp nʷᵊˈkʼʷəsʈʼ zɢoqʼɑː̰ˈzʷɢ</p> + <p>yåTaẓưnzhp Nwgquesʈʼ zħgogqåå̀zwħg</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>jɑ-</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>taˈzˤɯ̃ʒp</o> + <g>Tazuzahp</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>nʷᵊˈkʼʷəsʈʼ</o> + <g>Nkast</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zɢoqʼɑː̰ˈzʷɢ</o> + <g>hate</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
YåTaẓưnzhp Nwgquesʈʼ zħgogqåå̀zwħg. [jɑtaˈzˤɯ̃ʒp nʷᵊˈkʼʷəsʈʼ zɢoqʼɑː̰ˈzʷɢ] jɑ- cl.2 taˈzˤɯ̃ʒp Tazuzahp nʷᵊˈkʼʷəsʈʼ Nkast zɢoqʼɑː̰ˈzʷɢ hate “Tazuzahp hates Nkast.” | (4) |
Possession
initial XML:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/case/optionalGot GEN
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/> </np> </example>
flatten:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> + <flat> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <flat> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" attach="prefix" ph="ɹ ɯ">ɹɯ</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2" ph="dʷ ɨ ̰ˈ ɡʷ">dʷɨ̰ˈɡʷ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" ph="sʷ+tˤ ə# ʃ e ˈ dʷ">sʷtˤə#ʃeˈdʷ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="posso1" translation="the boy's apple"> <flat> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" attach="prefix" ph="ɹ ɯ">ɹɯ</thingy> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2" ph="dʷ ɨ ̰ˈ ɡʷ">dʷɨ̰ˈɡʷ</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" ph="sʷ+tˤ ə# ʃ e ˈ dʷ">sʷtˤə#ʃeˈdʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN">ɹɯ</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">dʷɨ̰ˈɡʷ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">sʷtˤə#ʃeˈdʷ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɹɯ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jɑ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dʷɨ̰ˈɡʷ</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʷtˤə̃ˈʃedʷ</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span></p> + <p>ɹɯjɑdʷɨ̰ˈɡʷ ʐɨsʷtˤə̃ˈʃedʷ</p> + <p>ɹưyådwï̀gw rzïswṭẽshédw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɹɯ-</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jɑ-</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dʷɨ̰ˈɡʷ</o> + <g>boy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sʷtˤə̃ˈʃedʷ</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
ɹưyådwï̀gw rzïswṭẽshédw [ɹɯjɑdʷɨ̰ˈɡʷ ʐɨsʷtˤə̃ˈʃedʷ] ɹɯ- GEN jɑ- cl.2 dʷɨ̰ˈɡʷ boy ʐɨ- cl.4 sʷtˤə̃ˈʃedʷ apple “the boy’s apple” | (5) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
createpronouns:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> - <np def="def" output="aspron" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> + <word posp="pron" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.cl.2"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="pron" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.cl.2"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> - <word posp="pron" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.cl.2"/> + <word posp="pron" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/optionalAbout to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="pron" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> + <flat> <word posp="pron" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <flat> - <word posp="pron" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/> + <word posp="pron" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ʒ+b u ˈ zˤ+tʼʷ">ʒbuˈzˤtʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" ph="sʷ+tˤ ə# ʃ e ˈ dʷ">sʷtˤə#ʃeˈdʷ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="posso1b" translation="his (the boy's) apple"> <flat> - <word posp="pron" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ʒ+b u ˈ zˤ+tʼʷ">ʒbuˈzˤtʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" ph="sʷ+tˤ ə# ʃ e ˈ dʷ">sʷtˤə#ʃeˈdʷ</word> + <word posp="pron" gender="cl.2" gloss="3.cl.2" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">ʒbuˈzˤtʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">sʷtˤə#ʃeˈdʷ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʒbuzˤtʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">3.cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʷtˤə̃ˈʃedʷ</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span></p> + <p>ˈʒbuzˤtʼʷ ʐɨsʷtˤə̃ˈʃedʷ</p> + <p>zhbuẓdtw rzïswṭẽshédw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈʒbuzˤtʼʷ</o> + <g>3.cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sʷtˤə̃ˈʃedʷ</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
zhbuẓdtw rzïswṭẽshédw [ˈʒbuzˤtʼʷ ʐɨsʷtˤə̃ˈʃedʷ] ˈʒbuzˤtʼʷ 3.cl.2 ʐɨ- cl.4 sʷtˤə̃ˈʃedʷ apple “his (the boy’s) apple” | (6) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module addgender:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4">
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> - <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> </np> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/optionalAbout to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple">
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> - <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="1excl"> + <flat> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <flat> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="zʷ+qʼ aː ˈ sʷ+kʼʷ">zʷqʼaːˈsʷkʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" ph="sʷ+tˤ ə# ʃ e ˈ dʷ">sʷtˤə#ʃeˈdʷ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="posso2" translation="my apple"> <flat> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="zʷ+qʼ aː ˈ sʷ+kʼʷ">zʷqʼaːˈsʷkʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" ph="sʷ+tˤ ə# ʃ e ˈ dʷ">sʷtˤə#ʃeˈdʷ</word> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">zʷqʼaːˈsʷkʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">sʷtˤə#ʃeˈdʷ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈzʷqʼaːsʷkʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʷtˤə̃ˈʃedʷ</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span></p> + <p>ˈzʷqʼaːsʷkʼʷ ʐɨsʷtˤə̃ˈʃedʷ</p> + <p>zwgqaaswgqu rzïswṭẽshédw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈzʷqʼaːsʷkʼʷ</o> + <g>1excl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sʷtˤə̃ˈʃedʷ</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
zwgqaaswgqu rzïswṭẽshédw [ˈzʷqʼaːsʷkʼʷ ʐɨsʷtˤə̃ˈʃedʷ] ˈzʷqʼaːsʷkʼʷ 1excl ʐɨ- cl.4 sʷtˤə̃ˈʃedʷ apple “my apple” | (7) |
initial XML:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kiss</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>daughter</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>neighbour</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>son</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kiss</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>daughter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>neighbour</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>son</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> - </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj">
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module addgender:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj">
- <np type="owner_owned">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <np type="owner_owned">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2">
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np role="subj" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> + <np role="obj" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> + <np role="subj"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np role="obj"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word person="2" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2">
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word person="2" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj"> + <np role="subj" gender="cl.1"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> </np> - <np role="obj"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.2"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> - <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.2"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> </s> </example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np role="subj" gender="cl.1">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np role="obj" gender="cl.2">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2">
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.2">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np role="subj" gender="cl.1"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" role="subj"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> - </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.2"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.2"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <s> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.1" role="subj"> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> - </np> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/> </np> - </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.2"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/> </vp> </s> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"/>
</np>
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
- <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.2">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.2"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/optionalGot GEN
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for neighbour/noun/case/optional
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for neighbour/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for kiss/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for kiss/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for kiss/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for kiss/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son.">
<s>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"/>
</np>
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.2">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> - <s> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> + <flat> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"/> - </np> - <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.2"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.2"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <flat> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1"/> - <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.2"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" attach="prefix" ph="ɹ ɯ">ɹɯ</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2" ph="ɲ a t͡s a ˈ ʐ+k">ɲat͡saˈʐk</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" ph="s+q i#ː ̰ˈ h">sqi#ː̰ˈh</word> + <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ᵏǁʼ i ̰ˈ ʐ+pʼ">ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" attach="prefix" ph="ɹ ɯ">ɹɯ</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2" ph="ᵑǀʷ e sʷ+qʷ oː ̰ˈ ʈʼ">ᵑǀʷesʷqʷoː̰ˈʈʼ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" ph="ʒ+ʈʼ ɔi ̰ˈ ʒ+tʼʷ">ʒʈʼɔḭˈʒtʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.2" ph="ᵑǀʷ ᵊ ɳ u#ː ̰ˈ ʒ+k">ᵑǀʷᵊɳu#ː̰ˈʒk</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="posso3" translation="The hunter's daughter kissed your neighbour's son."> <flat> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" attach="prefix" ph="ɹ ɯ">ɹɯ</thingy> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2" ph="ɲ a t͡s a ˈ ʐ+k">ɲat͡saˈʐk</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1" ph="s+q i#ː ̰ˈ h">sqi#ː̰ˈh</word> - <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ᵏǁʼ i ̰ˈ ʐ+pʼ">ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" attach="prefix" ph="ɹ ɯ">ɹɯ</thingy> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2" ph="ᵑǀʷ e sʷ+qʷ oː ̰ˈ ʈʼ">ᵑǀʷesʷqʷoː̰ˈʈʼ</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2" ph="ʒ+ʈʼ ɔi ̰ˈ ʒ+tʼʷ">ʒʈʼɔḭˈʒtʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.2" ph="ᵑǀʷ ᵊ ɳ u#ː ̰ˈ ʒ+k">ᵑǀʷᵊɳu#ː̰ˈʒk</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN">ɹɯ</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">ɲat͡saˈʐk</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.1">sqi#ː̰ˈh</word> + <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN">ɹɯ</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="neighbour" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">ᵑǀʷesʷqʷoː̰ˈʈʼ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.2">ʒʈʼɔḭˈʒtʼʷ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kiss" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.2">ᵑǀʷᵊɳu#ː̰ˈʒk</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɹɯ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jɑ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaˈt͡saʐk</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sqĩː̰ˈh</span><br><span class="gls">daughter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ</span><br><span class="gls">2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɹɯ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jɑ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǀʷesʷqʷoː̰ˈʈʼ</span><br><span class="gls">neighbour</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jɑ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʒʈʼɔḭˈʒtʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">son</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǀʷᵊɳũː̰ˈʒk</span><br><span class="gls">kiss</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span></p> + <p>ɹɯjɑɲaˈt͡saʐk sqĩː̰ˈh ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ ɹɯjɑᵑǀʷesʷqʷoː̰ˈʈʼ jɑʒʈʼɔḭˈʒtʼʷ ᵑǀʷᵊɳũː̰ˈʒkaqʷ</p> + <p>ɹưyåñatzarzk sqiniǹh ᵏǁʼìrzbp ɹưyåncwéswqwoòʈʼ yåzhʈʼɔìzhdtw ncwrnunuǹzhkaqw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɹɯ-</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jɑ-</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲaˈt͡saʐk</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sqĩː̰ˈh</o> + <g>daughter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ</o> + <g>2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɹɯ-</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jɑ-</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵑǀʷesʷqʷoː̰ˈʈʼ</o> + <g>neighbour</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jɑ-</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʒʈʼɔḭˈʒtʼʷ</o> + <g>son</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵑǀʷᵊɳũː̰ˈʒk</o> + <g>kiss</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
ɹưyåñatzarzk sqiniǹh ᵏǁʼìrzbp ɹưyåncwéswqwoòʈʼ yåzhʈʼɔìzhdtw ncwrnunuǹzhkaqw. [ɹɯjɑɲaˈt͡saʐk sqĩː̰ˈh ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ ɹɯjɑᵑǀʷesʷqʷoː̰ˈʈʼ jɑʒʈʼɔḭˈʒtʼʷ ᵑǀʷᵊɳũː̰ˈʒkaqʷ] ɹɯ- GEN jɑ- cl.2 ɲaˈt͡saʐk hunter sqĩː̰ˈh daughter ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ 2 ɹɯ- GEN jɑ- cl.2 ᵑǀʷesʷqʷoː̰ˈʈʼ neighbour jɑ- cl.2 ʒʈʼɔḭˈʒtʼʷ son ᵑǀʷᵊɳũː̰ˈʒk kiss -aqʷ PAST “The hunter’s daughter kissed your neighbour’s son.” | (8) |
Derivation
initial XML:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb">
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme">
<noun>lamb</noun>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme"> - <noun>lamb</noun> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <np tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> </np> </example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <np tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> </np> </example>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: det, case
returning NOM
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/case/obligatoryGot NOM
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <np tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> </np> </example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> - <np tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <flat> <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <flat> - <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ɯ# ˈ">ɯ#ˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="sˤ+t">sˤt</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="zʷ+tʷ o ɓ e ̰ˈ ʂ+tʼʷ">zʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="lamb0" translation="a lamb"> <flat> - <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ɯ# ˈ">ɯ#ˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="sˤ+t">sˤt</thingy> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="zʷ+tʷ o ɓ e ̰ˈ ʂ+tʼʷ">zʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">k</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">ɯ#ˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4">sˤt</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">zʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">k-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɯ̃</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-sˤt</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span></p> + <p>ˈkɯ̃sˤt ʐɨzʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ</p> + <p>kưnṣt rzïzwtwobbé̀rsdtw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>k-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɯ̃</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-sˤt</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ</o> + <g>lamb</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
kưnṣt rzïzwtwobbé̀rsdtw [ˈkɯ̃sˤt ʐɨzʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ] k- NOM ˈɯ̃ a -sˤt cl.4 ʐɨ- cl.4 zʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ lamb “a lamb” | (9) |
initial XML:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme">
<noun>lamb</noun>
<adj>little</adj>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme"> - <noun>lamb</noun> - <adj>little</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </example>The adjective 'little' will be incorporated. Resistance is useless.
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
submodule transform_adj<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</example>module affixdensity:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> - <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> + </word> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <np tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <np tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> - <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> </np> </example>calling defaultval for case/
defaultval: det, case
returning NOM
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/case/obligatoryGot NOM
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <np tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> </np> </example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> - <np tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <flat> <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - </word> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <flat> - <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ɯ# ˈ">ɯ#ˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="sˤ+t">sˤt</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph="d i">di</thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="zʷ+tʷ o ɓ e ̰ˈ ʂ+tʼʷ">zʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="lamb1" translation="a little lamb"> <flat> - <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ɯ# ˈ">ɯ#ˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="sˤ+t">sˤt</thingy> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph="d i">di</thingy> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="zʷ+tʷ o ɓ e ̰ˈ ʂ+tʼʷ">zʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ</word> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">k</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">ɯ#ˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4">sˤt</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj">di</thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">zʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">k-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɯ̃</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-sˤt</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">di-</span><br><span class="gls">little</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span></p> + <p>ˈkɯ̃sˤt ʐɨdizʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ</p> + <p>kưnṣt rzïdizwtwobbé̀rsdtw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>k-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɯ̃</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-sˤt</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>di-</o> + <g>little</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ</o> + <g>lamb</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
kưnṣt rzïdizwtwobbé̀rsdtw [ˈkɯ̃sˤt ʐɨdizʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ] k- NOM ˈɯ̃ a -sˤt cl.4 ʐɨ- cl.4 di- little zʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ lamb “a little lamb” | (10) |
initial XML:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>have</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>lamb</noun>
<adj>little</adj>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>lamb</noun> - <adj>little</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </s> </example>The adjective 'little' will be incorporated. Resistance is useless.
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
- <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
submodule transform_adj<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
- <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
+ <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
+ <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
+ <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
+ </word>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1"/> </np> <np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1"/>
</np>
<np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
- <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1"/>
</np>
<np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> - <word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1"/> - </np> <np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
- <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
- <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
calling defaultval for case/defaultval: det, case
returning NOM
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/case/obligatoryGot NOM
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb.">
<s>
<np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+ <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> - <s> - <np tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <flat> <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - </word> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <flat> - <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ɯ# ˈ">ɯ#ˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="sˤ+t">sˤt</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph="d i">di</thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="zʷ+tʷ o ɓ e ̰ˈ ʂ+tʼʷ">zʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4" ph="sʷ+pʼ e#ː ̰ˈ zʷ+kʷ">sʷpʼe#ː̰ˈzʷkʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="lamb2" translation="She had a little lamb."> <flat> - <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ɯ# ˈ">ɯ#ˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="sˤ+t">sˤt</thingy> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph="d i">di</thingy> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="zʷ+tʷ o ɓ e ̰ˈ ʂ+tʼʷ">zʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ</word> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4" ph="sʷ+pʼ e#ː ̰ˈ zʷ+kʷ">sʷpʼe#ː̰ˈzʷkʷ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">k</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">ɯ#ˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4">sˤt</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj">di</thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">zʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4">sʷpʼe#ː̰ˈzʷkʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">k-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɯ̃</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-sˤt</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">di-</span><br><span class="gls">little</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʷpʼẽː̰ˈzʷkʷ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈkɯ̃sˤt ʐɨdizʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ sʷpʼẽː̰ˈzʷkʷaqʷ</p> + <p>kưnṣt rzïdizwtwobbé̀rsdtw swbpénéǹzwquaqw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>k-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɯ̃</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-sˤt</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>di-</o> + <g>little</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ</o> + <g>lamb</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sʷpʼẽː̰ˈzʷkʷ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Kưnṣt rzïdizwtwobbé̀rsdtw swbpénéǹzwquaqw. [ˈkɯ̃sˤt ʐɨdizʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ sʷpʼẽː̰ˈzʷkʷaqʷ] k- NOM ˈɯ̃ a -sˤt cl.4 ʐɨ- cl.4 di- little zʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ lamb sʷpʼẽː̰ˈzʷkʷ have -aqʷ PAST “She had a little lamb.” | (11) |
initial XML:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>want</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>have</verb>
</vp>
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>lamb</noun>
<adj>little</adj>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>want</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>lamb</noun> - <adj>little</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </subs> </np> </s> </example>The adjective 'little' will be incorporated. Resistance is useless.
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
- <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </subs> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
submodule transform_adj<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>submodule transform_verb_verb
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word gloss="have" lexposp="verb" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
+ <word gloss="have" lexposp="verb" posp="verb">
+ <thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
+ <thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
+ </word>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
- <subs>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
- </vp>
- <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
- <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
- <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
- </np>
- </subs>
- </np>
</s>
</example>
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word gloss="have" lexposp="verb" posp="verb"> <thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> </word> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> - </np> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word gloss="have" lexposp="verb" posp="verb"> <thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> </word> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word gloss="have" lexposp="verb" posp="verb"> <thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> </word> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word gloss="have" lexposp="verb" posp="verb"> <thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> </word> </vp> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1">
<word gloss="have" lexposp="verb" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> - <word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1"/> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1"> <word gloss="have" lexposp="verb" posp="verb"> <thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> </word> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word gloss="have" lexposp="verb" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word gloss="have" lexposp="verb" posp="verb">
+ <word gloss="have" lexposp="verb" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1">
<thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/optionalGot active
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word gloss="have" lexposp="verb" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1">
<thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> - <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word gloss="have" lexposp="verb" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1"> <thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> + <word gloss="have" lexposp="verb" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1"/> <thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> - </word> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> - <word gloss="have" lexposp="verb" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1"/> - <thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph="nˤ a">nˤa</thingy> + <word gloss="have" lexposp="verb" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" ph="sʷ+pʼ e#ː ̰ˈ zʷ+kʷ">sʷpʼe#ː̰ˈzʷkʷ</word> + <thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="lamb3" translation="She wanted to have a little lamb."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph="nˤ a">nˤa</thingy> - <word gloss="have" lexposp="verb" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" ph="sʷ+pʼ e#ː ̰ˈ zʷ+kʷ">sʷpʼe#ː̰ˈzʷkʷ</word> - <thingy gloss="want₂" type="verbverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy gloss="want₁" type="verbverbderivbef" origposp="verb">nˤa</thingy> + <word gloss="have" lexposp="verb" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1">sʷpʼe#ː̰ˈzʷkʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">nˤa-</span><br><span class="gls">want</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʷpʼẽː̰ˈzʷkʷ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span></p> + <p>nˤasʷpʼẽː̰ˈzʷkʷaqʷ</p> + <p>ṇaswbpénéǹzwquaqw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>nˤa-</o> + <g>want</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sʷpʼẽː̰ˈzʷkʷ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Ṇaswbpénéǹzwquaqw. [nˤasʷpʼẽː̰ˈzʷkʷaqʷ] nˤa- want sʷpʼẽː̰ˈzʷkʷ have -aqʷ PAST “She wanted to have a little lamb.” | (12) |
initial XML:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>want</verb>
<adv>often</adv>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>have</verb>
</vp>
<np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj">
<noun>lamb</noun>
<adj>little</adj>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>want</verb> - <adv>often</adv> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> + <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>have</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> - <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj"> - <noun>lamb</noun> - <adj>little</adj> + <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> + <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> </np> </subs> </np> </s> </example>The adjective 'little' will be incorporated. Resistance is useless.
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
- <np def="indef" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/> <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> </subs> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <subs>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
- </vp>
- <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
<word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
+ <np role="owner" number="sing">
+ <subs>
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+ </vp>
</subs>
</np>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
submodule transform_adj
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>tva1tva1
tva2
tva1
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lamb"/>
- <word posp="adj" gloss="little"/>
+ <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
+ <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
+ <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
+ </word>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> - <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> + <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
- <np role="owner" number="sing">
+ <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module addgender:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
<np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.3"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" output="aspron" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.3"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" gender="cl.3">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4">
<np tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
- <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" gender="cl.3">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4">
<np tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
<np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> - <word posp="pron" gender="cl.1" gloss="3.cl.1"/> - </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.3"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> <np tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> </np> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.3"> <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<np role="obj" gender="cl.3">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4">
<np tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
<np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.3">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.3"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" role="obj"> <np tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> </np> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.3"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/> </vp> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb."> <s> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" role="obj"> <np tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> </word> </np> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/> </vp> </subs> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.3"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/> <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/> </vp> </s> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<np tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
- <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
- <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun">
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
<np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="have"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.3">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="want"/>
- <word posp="adv" gloss="often"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.3"/>
+ <word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.3"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
calling defaultval for case/defaultval: det, case
returning NOM
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/case/obligatoryGot NOM
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for lamb/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for have/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for want/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for want/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for want/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for want/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb.">
<s>
<np tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+ <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/>
<thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/>
</word>
</np>
<np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.3">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
<word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.3"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb."> - <s> - <np tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <flat> <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - </word> - </np> - <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3"> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.3"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.3"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> <word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.3"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb."> <flat> - <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj"/> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.3"/> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ɯ# ˈ">ɯ#ˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="sˤ+t">sˤt</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph="d i">di</thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="zʷ+tʷ o ɓ e ̰ˈ ʂ+tʼʷ">zʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ</word> + <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="sʷ+pʼ e#ː ̰ˈ zʷ+kʷ">sʷpʼe#ː̰ˈzʷkʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.3" ph="w ɨ ˈ ʒ+d">wɨˈʒd</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.3" ph="s+tʷ o#ː ̰ˈ ʒ+tˤ">stʷo#ː̰ˈʒtˤ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="lamb4" translation="She often wanted to have a little lamb."> <flat> - <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ɯ# ˈ">ɯ#ˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="sˤ+t">sˤt</thingy> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj" attach="prefix" ph="d i">di</thingy> - <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="zʷ+tʷ o ɓ e ̰ˈ ʂ+tʼʷ">zʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ</word> - <thingy gloss="little₂" type="nounnounderivaft" origposp="adj" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="sʷ+pʼ e#ː ̰ˈ zʷ+kʷ">sʷpʼe#ː̰ˈzʷkʷ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.3" ph="w ɨ ˈ ʒ+d">wɨˈʒd</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.3" ph="s+tʷ o#ː ̰ˈ ʒ+tˤ">stʷo#ː̰ˈʒtˤ</word> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">k</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4">ɯ#ˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4">sˤt</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <thingy gloss="little₁" type="nounnounderivbef" origposp="adj">di</thingy> + <word gloss="lamb" lexposp="noun" posp="noun" tr="rheme" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.4">zʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="have" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">sʷpʼe#ː̰ˈzʷkʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="want" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.3">wɨˈʒd</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> + <word posp="adv" gloss="often" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.3">stʷo#ː̰ˈʒtˤ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">k-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɯ̃</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-sˤt</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">di-</span><br><span class="gls">little</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">lamb</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʷpʼẽː̰ˈzʷkʷ</span><br><span class="gls">have</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈwɨʒd</span><br><span class="gls">want</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">stʷõː̰ˈʒtˤ</span><br><span class="gls">often</span></span></p> + <p>ˈkɯ̃sˤt ʐɨdizʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ sʷpʼẽː̰ˈzʷkʷaqʷ ˈwɨʒdaqʷ stʷõː̰ˈʒtˤ</p> + <p>kưnṣt rzïdizwtwobbé̀rsdtw swbpénéǹzwquaqw wïzhdaqw stwonoǹzhṭ</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>k-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɯ̃</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-sˤt</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>di-</o> + <g>little</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ</o> + <g>lamb</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sʷpʼẽː̰ˈzʷkʷ</o> + <g>have</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈwɨʒd</o> + <g>want</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>stʷõː̰ˈʒtˤ</o> + <g>often</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Kưnṣt rzïdizwtwobbé̀rsdtw swbpénéǹzwquaqw wïzhdaqw stwonoǹzhṭ. [ˈkɯ̃sˤt ʐɨdizʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ sʷpʼẽː̰ˈzʷkʷaqʷ ˈwɨʒdaqʷ stʷõː̰ˈʒtˤ] k- NOM ˈɯ̃ a -sˤt cl.4 ʐɨ- cl.4 di- little zʷtʷoɓḛˈʂtʼʷ lamb sʷpʼẽː̰ˈzʷkʷ have -aqʷ PAST ˈwɨʒd want -aqʷ PAST stʷõː̰ˈʒtˤ often “She often wanted to have a little lamb.” | (13) |
Compounding
Verbs
Inflectional Categories
There is one type of clitic in the verbal phrase, namely a proclitic (placed initially), expressing mode. a clitic expressing mode, comprising sïr /sɨr/ ‘imperative’, wor /wor/ ‘conditional’ and xanw /ᵏǁanʷ/ ‘optative’.
In addition, the verb is structured like this: first, an optional prefix expressing voice, comprising fư- /fɯ-/ ‘passive’; second, the root; third, an optional suffix expressing ta, comprising -aqw /-aqʷ/ ‘PAST’; fourth, an optional suffix expressing negation, comprising -åzgw /-ɑzɡʷ/ ‘NEG’; and finally, fifth, an optional suffix expressing question, comprising -ïh /-ɨh/ ‘Q’.
The verb displays the following derivational morphology: 12 prefixes, namely tzwa- /t͡sʷa-/ ‘begin’, zhtw- /ʒtʷᵊ-/ ‘stop’, sgqwé- /sqʼʷe-/ ‘continue’, zgké- /zkʼe-/ ‘try’, ᵑǀʼwi- /ᵑǀʼʷi-/ ‘start’, ṇa- /nˤa-/ ‘want’, lu- /lu-/ ‘can’, ’ư- /ʔɯ-/ ‘finish’, ᵑǀʼwa- /ᵑǀʼʷa-/ ‘need’, zwgwư- /zʷɡʷɯ-/ ‘decide’, ncw- /ᵑǀʷᵊ-/ ‘fail’ and zwdté- /zʷtʼe-/ ‘hope’
initial XML:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word person="2" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
- <word person="2" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/> </np> - <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <s> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" person="2">
- <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/voice/optionalGot active
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/ta/optional
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
<example id="love" translation="I love you.">
<s>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> - <s> - <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" person="2"> + <flat> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <flat> - <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" ph="ᵏǁʼ i ̰ˈ ʐ+pʼ">ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2" ph="ᵏǀʼʷ o# ˈ sˤ+p">ᵏǀʼʷo#ˈsˤp</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="love" translation="I love you."> <flat> - <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" ph="ᵏǁʼ i ̰ˈ ʐ+pʼ">ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2" ph="ᵏǀʼʷ o# ˈ sˤ+p">ᵏǀʼʷo#ˈsˤp</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="1excl" obj="2">ᵏǀʼʷo#ˈsˤp</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ</span><br><span class="gls">2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀʼʷõsˤp</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span></p> + <p>ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ ˈᵏǀʼʷõsˤp</p> + <p>ᵏǁʼìrzbp ᵏǀʼwonṣp</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ</o> + <g>2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀʼʷõsˤp</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
ᵏǁʼìrzbp ᵏǀʼwonṣp. [ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ ˈᵏǀʼʷõsˤp] ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ 2 ˈᵏǀʼʷõsˤp love “I love you.” | (14) |
Adverbs Minor Classes
Adpositions
There is one type of clitic in the adpositional phrase, namely an enclitic (placed finally), expressing root.
initial XML:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing">
<noun>table</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>table</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </example>
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
</np>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
</np>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
- <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
- <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4">
+ <np def="def" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
</np>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
- <np type="owner_owned">
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="table"/>
</np>
<np def="def" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/>
</np>
- </np>
</pp>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.4"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.4"/> </np> </pp> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for table/noun/case/optionalAbout to call getSlotValue for table/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for surface/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table">
<pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">
<word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
</np>
<np def="def" gender="cl.4">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> - <pp p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"> + <flat> <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> - <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/> - </np> - <np def="def" gender="cl.4"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <flat> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.4"/> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes" ph="ɗ ɯ# ̰ˈ ʂ+qʼ">ɗɯ#̰ˈʂqʼ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.2" ph="ᶑ au ˈ zʷ+kʷ">ᶑauˈzʷkʷ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.4" ph="ᵑǁ iː ̰ˈ zʷ+tʼ">ᵑǁiː̰ˈzʷtʼ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="adpos1" translation="on the table"> <flat> - <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes" ph="ɗ ɯ# ̰ˈ ʂ+qʼ">ɗɯ#̰ˈʂqʼ</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.2" ph="ᶑ au ˈ zʷ+kʷ">ᶑauˈzʷkʷ</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.4" ph="ᵑǁ iː ̰ˈ zʷ+tʼ">ᵑǁiː̰ˈzʷtʼ</word> + <word gloss="in" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="in" location="surface" precise="yes">ɗɯ#̰ˈʂqʼ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="table" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.2">ᶑauˈzʷkʷ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="surface" def="def" gender="cl.4">ᵑǁiː̰ˈzʷtʼ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɗɯ̰̃ˈʂqʼ</span><br><span class="gls">in</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jɑ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᶑauzʷkʷ</span><br><span class="gls">table</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵑǁiː̰ˈzʷtʼ</span><br><span class="gls">surface</span></span></p> + <p>ɗɯ̰̃ˈʂqʼ jɑˈᶑauzʷkʷ ʐɨᵑǁiː̰ˈzʷtʼ</p> + <p>ddưǹrsgq yårddauzwqu rzïnxiìzwdt</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɗɯ̰̃ˈʂqʼ</o> + <g>in</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jɑ-</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᶑauzʷkʷ</o> + <g>table</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵑǁiː̰ˈzʷtʼ</o> + <g>surface</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
ddưǹrsgq yårddauzwqu rzïnxiìzwdt [ɗɯ̰̃ˈʂqʼ jɑˈᶑauzʷkʷ ʐɨᵑǁiː̰ˈzʷtʼ] ɗɯ̰̃ˈʂqʼ in jɑ- cl.2 ˈᶑauzʷkʷ table ʐɨ- cl.4 ᵑǁiː̰ˈzʷtʼ surface “on the table” | (15) |
initial XML:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<np def="def" number="sing">
<noun>box</noun>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <np def="def" number="sing"> - <noun>box</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> + <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <np type="owner_owned"> <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + </np> + </np> </pp> </example>
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
<np type="owner_owned">
- <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
</np>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
<np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
</np>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
- <np type="owner_owned" number="sing">
- <np def="def" number="sing" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" gender="cl.4">
+ <np def="def" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
</np>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
No change.
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
- <np type="owner_owned">
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="box"/>
</np>
<np def="def" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/>
</np>
- </np>
</pp>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> - <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="box"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np def="def" gender="cl.4"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.4"/> </np> </pp> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for box/noun/case/optionalAbout to call getSlotValue for box/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for inside/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box">
<pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">
<word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np def="def" gender="cl.4">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> - <pp p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"> + <flat> <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> - <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> - <np def="def" gender="cl.4"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <flat> - <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.4"/> + <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes" ph="qʷ ɑ# ̰ˈ k">qʷɑ#̰ˈk</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ɹʷ ᵊ tʼ ɨ ˈ zˤ+t">ɹʷᵊtʼɨˈzˤt</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.4" ph="ʂ ɤ ˈ ŋʷ">ʂɤˈŋʷ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="adpos2" translation="into the box"> <flat> - <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes" ph="qʷ ɑ# ̰ˈ k">qʷɑ#̰ˈk</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ɹʷ ᵊ tʼ ɨ ˈ zˤ+t">ɹʷᵊtʼɨˈzˤt</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.4" ph="ʂ ɤ ˈ ŋʷ">ʂɤˈŋʷ</word> + <word gloss="to" posp="pp" owner="3s" p="to" location="inside" precise="yes">qʷɑ#̰ˈk</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="box" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4">ɹʷᵊtʼɨˈzˤt</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="inside" def="def" gender="cl.4">ʂɤˈŋʷ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qʷɑ̰̃ˈk</span><br><span class="gls">to</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɹʷᵊˈtʼɨzˤt</span><br><span class="gls">box</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈʂɤŋʷ</span><br><span class="gls">inside</span></span></p> + <p>qʷɑ̰̃ˈk ʐɨɹʷᵊˈtʼɨzˤt ʐɨˈʂɤŋʷ</p> + <p>qwåǹk rzïɹwdtïẓt rzïrsơngw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>qʷɑ̰̃ˈk</o> + <g>to</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɹʷᵊˈtʼɨzˤt</o> + <g>box</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈʂɤŋʷ</o> + <g>inside</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
qwåǹk rzïɹwdtïẓt rzïrsơngw [qʷɑ̰̃ˈk ʐɨɹʷᵊˈtʼɨzˤt ʐɨˈʂɤŋʷ] qʷɑ̰̃ˈk to ʐɨ- cl.4 ɹʷᵊˈtʼɨzˤt box ʐɨ- cl.4 ˈʂɤŋʷ inside “into the box” | (16) |
initial XML:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </pp> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
+ <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
<np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
No change.
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ <np def="neither" locus="number">
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
<np def="neither" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me">
<pp role="comitative">
<word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/>
- <np def="neither" locus="number">
+ <np def="neither" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
</pp>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <pp role="comitative"> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s"/> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/> <np def="neither" locus="number" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number"/> </np> </pp> </example>
addaffixes:
No change.
flatten:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> - <pp role="comitative"> + <flat> <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/> - <np def="neither" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number"/> - </np> - </pp> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <flat> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative"/> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number"/> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative" ph="z i ɓ o ̰ˈ ʐ+p">ziɓo̰ˈʐp</word> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" ph="zʷ+qʼ aː ˈ sʷ+kʼʷ">zʷqʼaːˈsʷkʼʷ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="adpos3" translation="with me"> <flat> - <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative" ph="z i ɓ o ̰ˈ ʐ+p">ziɓo̰ˈʐp</word> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" ph="zʷ+qʼ aː ˈ sʷ+kʼʷ">zʷqʼaːˈsʷkʼʷ</word> + <word gloss="COMIT" posp="pp" owner="3s" role="comitative">ziɓo̰ˈʐp</word> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number">zʷqʼaːˈsʷkʼʷ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ziɓo̰ˈʐp</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">COMIT</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈzʷqʼaːsʷkʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl</span></span></p> + <p>ziɓo̰ˈʐp ˈzʷqʼaːsʷkʼʷ</p> + <p>zibbòrzp zwgqaaswgqu</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ziɓo̰ˈʐp</o> + <g>COMIT</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈzʷqʼaːsʷkʼʷ</o> + <g>1excl</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
zibbòrzp zwgqaaswgqu [ziɓo̰ˈʐp ˈzʷqʼaːsʷkʼʷ] ziɓo̰ˈʐp COMIT ˈzʷqʼaːsʷkʼʷ 1excl “with me” | (17) |
Syntax
Basic Clause Structure
Constituent Order
Constituent order describes the typical arrangement of the subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in simple declarative clauses. It is a fundamental parameter in grammatical description and forms one of the clearest ways of characterising the overall structure of a language’s clause system.
Bozh has basic Subject–Object–Verb (SOV) word order. The subject precedes the object, and the verb appears at the end of the clause. This is one of the most frequent patterns cross-linguistically.
The following examples illustrate the basic, unmarked, constituent order in Bozh.
initial XML:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kill</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj">
<noun>jaguar</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kill</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj"> - <noun>jaguar</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.2">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.2">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.2">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.2"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/case/optionalAbout to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.2">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.2"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> - <s> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <flat> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> - </np> - <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.2"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.2"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.2"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="ɓ i">ɓi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="z+tʷ a ɹˤ ɑ ̰ˈ kʼʷ">ztʷaɹˤɑ̰ˈkʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.2" ph="ɲ a t͡s a ˈ ʐ+k">ɲat͡saˈʐk</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.2" ph="qʼʷ o ̰ˈ ɽ">qʼʷo̰ˈɽ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="wo1" translation="The jaguar killed the hunter."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="ɓ i">ɓi</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3" ph="z+tʷ a ɹˤ ɑ ̰ˈ kʼʷ">ztʷaɹˤɑ̰ˈkʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.2" ph="ɲ a t͡s a ˈ ʐ+k">ɲat͡saˈʐk</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.2" ph="qʼʷ o ̰ˈ ɽ">qʼʷo̰ˈɽ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">ɓi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.3">ztʷaɹˤɑ̰ˈkʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">ɲat͡saˈʐk</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" obj="3.cl.2">qʼʷo̰ˈɽ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɓi-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ztʷaɹˤɑ̰ˈkʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">jaguar</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jɑ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaˈt͡saʐk</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qʼʷo̰ˈɽ</span><br><span class="gls">kill</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span></p> + <p>ɓiztʷaɹˤɑ̰ˈkʼʷ jɑɲaˈt͡saʐk qʼʷo̰ˈɽaqʷ</p> + <p>bbiztwaɹ̣å̀gqu yåñatzarzk gqwòrraqw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ɓi-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ztʷaɹˤɑ̰ˈkʼʷ</o> + <g>jaguar</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jɑ-</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲaˈt͡saʐk</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qʼʷo̰ˈɽ</o> + <g>kill</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Bbiztwaɹ̣å̀gqu yåñatzarzk gqwòrraqw. [ɓiztʷaɹˤɑ̰ˈkʼʷ jɑɲaˈt͡saʐk qʼʷo̰ˈɽaqʷ] ɓi- cl.3 ztʷaɹˤɑ̰ˈkʼʷ jaguar jɑ- cl.2 ɲaˈt͡saʐk hunter qʼʷo̰ˈɽ kill -aqʷ PAST “The jaguar killed the hunter.” | (18) |
initial XML:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj">
<noun>lion</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>daughter</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>dog</noun>
</np>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj"> - <noun>lion</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>daughter</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>dog</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> </np> </np> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> </np> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module addgender:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> <np role="obj"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.1"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.1">
+ <np role="obj" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.1" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> - <np role="obj" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.1" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> + <np role="obj"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" gender="cl.1">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.1">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.1">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" gender="cl.1">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.1">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.1">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" gender="cl.1">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.1">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.1">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.4" role="obj">
- <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.1">
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
</np>
- </np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
</np>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.1">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.1"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="dog"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.1">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.1"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/case/optionalAbout to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/optional
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/case/optional
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for daughter/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for dog/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for dog/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.1">
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.1"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="dog" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.1">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.1"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> - <s> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <flat> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.1"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.1"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.1"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.1"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.1"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ɢ a sˤ+tˤ e# ̰ˈ zˤ+kʼʷ">ɢasˤtˤe#̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" attach="prefix" ph="ɹ ɯ">ɹɯ</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2" ph="ɲ a t͡s a ˈ ʐ+k">ɲat͡saˈʐk</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" attach="prefix" ph="ɹ ɯ">ɹɯ</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.1" ph="s+q i#ː ̰ˈ h">sqi#ː̰ˈh</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" ph="ʂ+tˤ i# ̰ˈ ʈʼ">ʂtˤi#̰ˈʈʼ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.1" ph="sˤ+p ɑ# ˈ ʒ+t">sˤpɑ#ˈʒt</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="wo2" translation="The lion ate the hunter's daughter's dog."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ɢ a sˤ+tˤ e# ̰ˈ zˤ+kʼʷ">ɢasˤtˤe#̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" attach="prefix" ph="ɹ ɯ">ɹɯ</thingy> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2" ph="ɲ a t͡s a ˈ ʐ+k">ɲat͡saˈʐk</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" attach="prefix" ph="ɹ ɯ">ɹɯ</thingy> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.1" ph="s+q i#ː ̰ˈ h">sqi#ː̰ˈh</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4" ph="ʂ+tˤ i# ̰ˈ ʈʼ">ʂtˤi#̰ˈʈʼ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.1" ph="sˤ+p ɑ# ˈ ʒ+t">sˤpɑ#ˈʒt</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">ɢasˤtˤe#̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN">ɹɯ</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">ɲat͡saˈʐk</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN">ɹɯ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="daughter" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.1">sqi#ː̰ˈh</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="dog" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.4">ʂtˤi#̰ˈʈʼ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.1">sˤpɑ#ˈʒt</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɢasˤtˤḛ̃ˈzˤkʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">lion</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɹɯ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jɑ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaˈt͡saʐk</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɹɯ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sqĩː̰ˈh</span><br><span class="gls">daughter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂtˤḭ̃ˈʈʼ</span><br><span class="gls">dog</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsˤpɑ̃ʒt</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span></p> + <p>ʐɨɢasˤtˤḛ̃ˈzˤkʼʷ ɹɯjɑɲaˈt͡saʐk ɹɯsqĩː̰ˈh ʐɨʂtˤḭ̃ˈʈʼ ˈsˤpɑ̃ʒtaqʷ</p> + <p>rzïħgaṣṭéǹẓgqu ɹưyåñatzarzk ɹưsqiniǹh rzïrsṭiǹʈʼ ṣpånzhtaqw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɢasˤtˤḛ̃ˈzˤkʼʷ</o> + <g>lion</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɹɯ-</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jɑ-</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲaˈt͡saʐk</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɹɯ-</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sqĩː̰ˈh</o> + <g>daughter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʂtˤḭ̃ˈʈʼ</o> + <g>dog</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsˤpɑ̃ʒt</o> + <g>eat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Rzïħgaṣṭéǹẓgqu ɹưyåñatzarzk ɹưsqiniǹh rzïrsṭiǹʈʼ ṣpånzhtaqw. [ʐɨɢasˤtˤḛ̃ˈzˤkʼʷ ɹɯjɑɲaˈt͡saʐk ɹɯsqĩː̰ˈh ʐɨʂtˤḭ̃ˈʈʼ ˈsˤpɑ̃ʒtaqʷ] ʐɨ- cl.4 ɢasˤtˤḛ̃ˈzˤkʼʷ lion ɹɯ- GEN jɑ- cl.2 ɲaˈt͡saʐk hunter ɹɯ- GEN sqĩː̰ˈh daughter ʐɨ- cl.4 ʂtˤḭ̃ˈʈʼ dog ˈsˤpɑ̃ʒt eat -aqʷ PAST “The lion ate the hunter’s daughter’s dog.” | (19) |
The language has a fixed constituent order, and major phrases normally appear in a predictable position in the clause. Movement for discourse reasons is highly restricted: topics and foci are expressed not by rearranging elements, but through dedicated constructions such as clefts, focus clauses or topic–comment frames. Constituents remain continuous, and both the relative order of phrases and the internal structure of each phrase are stable. As a result, significant deviations from the basic word order are ungrammatical, and discourse structure is managed through these specialised constructions rather than through word-order variation.
Noun Phrases
Structure and Order
The internal structure of noun phrases in Bozh reveals typologically significant preferences in the ordering of nominal constituents. This includes the position of adjectives, numerals, and possessors relative to the noun, each of which can offer clues to the overall headedness of the language.
Possessive constructions are head-final: the possessor precedes the possessed noun. For example, Bozh expresses “the child’s toy” with the equivalent of “child toy”. This ordering is found in many SOV and postpositional languages and aligns with a broader tendency towards modifier-first structures.
initial XML:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>son</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>friend</noun>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def">
<noun>book</noun>
</np>
</np>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="neither"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>son</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>friend</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def"> - <noun>book</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> </np> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
No change.
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
No change.
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner">
- <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
module addgender:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned"> + <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> </np> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> </np> </example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> + <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"> + <word person="2" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> </np> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2">
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
- <word person="2" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2">
<np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2">
- <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">
+ <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="son"/>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="book"/>
</np>
</np>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> - <np type="owner_owned" role="owner" gender="cl.2"> <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> </np> - </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> </np> - </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> </np> - </np> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> - <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4"/> + <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"/> </np> <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book"/> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"/> </np> </example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/case/optionalGot GEN
About to call getSlotValue for son/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for friend/noun/case/optional
Got GEN
About to call getSlotValue for friend/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for book/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for book/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.3
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book">
<np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">
+ <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/>
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="friend" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="book" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"/>
</np>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> - <np def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" person="2"> + <flat> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"> <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="book" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"/> - </np> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <flat> - <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3"/> + <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ᵏǁʼ i ̰ˈ ʐ+pʼ">ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" attach="prefix" ph="ɹ ɯ">ɹɯ</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2" ph="ʒ+ʈʼ ɔi ̰ˈ ʒ+tʼʷ">ʒʈʼɔḭˈʒtʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" attach="prefix" ph="ɹ ɯ">ɹɯ</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2" ph="zʷ i# ̰ˈ sˤ+tʼ">zʷi#̰ˈsˤtʼ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="ɓ i">ɓi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" ph="ʂ i ʔ oː ʔ">ʂiʔoːʔ</word> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="poss3" translation="your son's friend's book"> <flat> - <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN" ph="ᵏǁʼ i ̰ˈ ʐ+pʼ">ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" attach="prefix" ph="ɹ ɯ">ɹɯ</thingy> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2" ph="ʒ+ʈʼ ɔi ̰ˈ ʒ+tʼʷ">ʒʈʼɔḭˈʒtʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN" attach="prefix" ph="ɹ ɯ">ɹɯ</thingy> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2" ph="zʷ i# ̰ˈ sˤ+tʼ">zʷi#̰ˈsˤtʼ</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="ɓ i">ɓi</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="book" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3" ph="ʂ i ʔ oː ʔ">ʂiʔoːʔ</word> + <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" locus="number" role="owner" case="GEN">ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN">ɹɯ</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="son" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">ʒʈʼɔḭˈʒtʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="nouncase" function="prefix" gloss="GEN">ɹɯ</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="friend" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" case="GEN" gender="cl.2">zʷi#̰ˈsˤtʼ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">ɓi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="book" def="def" locus="number" role="owned" gender="cl.3">ʂiʔoːʔ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ</span><br><span class="gls">2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɹɯ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jɑ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʒʈʼɔḭˈʒtʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">son</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɹɯ-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">GEN</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jɑ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">zʷḭ̃ˈsˤtʼ</span><br><span class="gls">friend</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɓi-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʂiʔoːʔ</span><br><span class="gls">book</span></span></p> + <p>ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ ɹɯjɑʒʈʼɔḭˈʒtʼʷ ɹɯjɑzʷḭ̃ˈsˤtʼ ɓiʂiʔoːʔ</p> + <p>ᵏǁʼìrzbp ɹưyåzhʈʼɔìzhdtw ɹưyåzwiǹṣdt bbirsi’oo’</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ</o> + <g>2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɹɯ-</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jɑ-</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʒʈʼɔḭˈʒtʼʷ</o> + <g>son</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɹɯ-</o> + <g>GEN</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>jɑ-</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>zʷḭ̃ˈsˤtʼ</o> + <g>friend</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɓi-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʂiʔoːʔ</o> + <g>book</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
ᵏǁʼìrzbp ɹưyåzhʈʼɔìzhdtw ɹưyåzwiǹṣdt bbirsi’oo’ [ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ ɹɯjɑʒʈʼɔḭˈʒtʼʷ ɹɯjɑzʷḭ̃ˈsˤtʼ ɓiʂiʔoːʔ] ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ 2 ɹɯ- GEN jɑ- cl.2 ʒʈʼɔḭˈʒtʼʷ son ɹɯ- GEN jɑ- cl.2 zʷḭ̃ˈsˤtʼ friend ɓi- cl.3 ʂiʔoːʔ book “your son’s friend’s book” | (20) |
Case Marking
Bozh does not use case marking to distinguish the core participants of the clause. There is therefore no regular nominative, accusative, ergative, active or stative marking on subjects and objects. Instead, the roles of the participants are identified by other means, cf. the examples below.
initial XML:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-state">
<verb>sleep</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-state"> - <verb>sleep</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/optionalAbout to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for sleep/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for sleep/verb/ta/optional
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for sleep/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for sleep/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> - <s> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <flat> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ʐ+dˤ o#ː ̰ˈ f">ʐdˤo#ː̰ˈf</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4" ph="sˤ+ʔ a ˈ ʃ+tʷ">sˤʔaˈʃtʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="intr_stat" translation="The cat is sleeping."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ʐ+dˤ o#ː ̰ˈ f">ʐdˤo#ː̰ˈf</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4" ph="sˤ+ʔ a ˈ ʃ+tʷ">sˤʔaˈʃtʷ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">ʐdˤo#ː̰ˈf</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="sleep" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="present" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4">sˤʔaˈʃtʷ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐdˤõː̰ˈf</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsˤʔaʃtʷ</span><br><span class="gls">sleep</span></span></p> + <p>ʐɨʐdˤõː̰ˈf ˈsˤʔaʃtʷ</p> + <p>rzïrzḍonoǹf ṣ’ashtw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐdˤõː̰ˈf</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsˤʔaʃtʷ</o> + <g>sleep</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Rzïrzḍonoǹf ṣ’ashtw. [ʐɨʐdˤõː̰ˈf ˈsˤʔaʃtʷ] ʐɨ- cl.4 ʐdˤõː̰ˈf cat ˈsˤʔaʃtʷ sleep “The cat is sleeping.” | (21) |
initial XML:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont">
<verb>run</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont"> - <verb>run</verb> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
- <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
+ <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="run"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/optionalAbout to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for run/verb/voice/optional
About to call getSlotValue for run/verb/ta/optional
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for run/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for run/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> - <s> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <flat> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ʐ+dˤ o#ː ̰ˈ f">ʐdˤo#ː̰ˈf</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4" ph="sʷ+ʈ u# ̰ˈ ʈ">sʷʈu#̰ˈʈ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="intr_act" translation="The cat is running."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ʐ+dˤ o#ː ̰ˈ f">ʐdˤo#ː̰ˈf</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4" ph="sʷ+ʈ u# ̰ˈ ʈ">sʷʈu#̰ˈʈ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">ʐdˤo#ː̰ˈf</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="run" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4">sʷʈu#̰ˈʈ</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐdˤõː̰ˈf</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʷʈṵ̃ˈʈ</span><br><span class="gls">run</span></span></p> + <p>ʐɨʐdˤõː̰ˈf sʷʈṵ̃ˈʈ</p> + <p>rzïrzḍonoǹf swrtuǹrt</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐdˤõː̰ˈf</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sʷʈṵ̃ˈʈ</o> + <g>run</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Rzïrzḍonoǹf swrtuǹrt. [ʐɨʐdˤõː̰ˈf sʷʈṵ̃ˈʈ] ʐɨ- cl.4 ʐdˤõː̰ˈf cat sʷʈṵ̃ˈʈ run “The cat is running.” | (22) |
initial XML:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="pres-cont">
<verb>chase</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont"> - <verb>chase</verb> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q"> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> + <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
- <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES">
+ <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
No change.
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.4">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="chase"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.4"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/optionalAbout to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for chase/verb/voice/optional
About to call getSlotValue for chase/verb/ta/optional
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for chase/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for chase/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> - <s> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <flat> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> - <np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> - <vp tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.4"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ʐ+dˤ o#ː ̰ˈ f">ʐdˤo#ː̰ˈf</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="sˤ+ʔ ɨ ʂ+ʈʼ i# ̰ˈ sˤ+k">sˤʔɨʂʈʼi#̰ˈsˤk</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.4" ph="k i ʐ+ɖ a# ̰ˈ m">kiʐɖa#̰ˈm</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="tr_pres" translation="The cat is chasing the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ʐ+dˤ o#ː ̰ˈ f">ʐdˤo#ː̰ˈf</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="sˤ+ʔ ɨ ʂ+ʈʼ i# ̰ˈ sˤ+k">sˤʔɨʂʈʼi#̰ˈsˤk</word> - <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.4" ph="k i ʐ+ɖ a# ̰ˈ m">kiʐɖa#̰ˈm</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">ʐdˤo#ː̰ˈf</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">sˤʔɨʂʈʼi#̰ˈsˤk</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="chase" tam="pres-cont" negation="POS" question="not.Q" ta="PRES" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.4">kiʐɖa#̰ˈm</word> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐdˤõː̰ˈf</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kiʐɖã̰ˈm</span><br><span class="gls">chase</span></span></p> + <p>ʐɨʐdˤõː̰ˈf ʐɨsˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk kiʐɖã̰ˈm</p> + <p>rzïrzḍonoǹf rzïṣ’ïrsʈʼiǹṣk kirzrdaǹm</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐdˤõː̰ˈf</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kiʐɖã̰ˈm</o> + <g>chase</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Rzïrzḍonoǹf rzïṣ’ïrsʈʼiǹṣk kirzrdaǹm. [ʐɨʐdˤõː̰ˈf ʐɨsˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk kiʐɖã̰ˈm] ʐɨ- cl.4 ʐdˤõː̰ˈf cat ʐɨ- cl.4 sˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk mouse kiʐɖã̰ˈm chase “The cat is chasing the mouse.” | (23) |
initial XML:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.4">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.4">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.4"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/optionalAbout to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.4">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> - <s> - <np def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <flat> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> - <np def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.4"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.4"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ʐ+dˤ o#ː ̰ˈ f">ʐdˤo#ː̰ˈf</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="sˤ+ʔ ɨ ʂ+ʈʼ i# ̰ˈ sˤ+k">sˤʔɨʂʈʼi#̰ˈsˤk</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.4" ph="d͡ʒ ɨ ̰ˈ ʐ">d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="tr_past" translation="The cat caught the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ʐ+dˤ o#ː ̰ˈ f">ʐdˤo#ː̰ˈf</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="sˤ+ʔ ɨ ʂ+ʈʼ i# ̰ˈ sˤ+k">sˤʔɨʂʈʼi#̰ˈsˤk</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.4" ph="d͡ʒ ɨ ̰ˈ ʐ">d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="subj" tr="theme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">ʐdˤo#ː̰ˈf</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.4">sˤʔɨʂʈʼi#̰ˈsˤk</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.4" obj="3.cl.4">d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐdˤõː̰ˈf</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span></p> + <p>ʐɨʐdˤõː̰ˈf ʐɨsˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐaqʷ</p> + <p>rzïrzḍonoǹf rzïṣ’ïrsʈʼiǹṣk jï̀rzaqw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐdˤõː̰ˈf</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Rzïrzḍonoǹf rzïṣ’ïrsʈʼiǹṣk jï̀rzaqw. [ʐɨʐdˤõː̰ˈf ʐɨsˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐaqʷ] ʐɨ- cl.4 ʐdˤõː̰ˈf cat ʐɨ- cl.4 sˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk mouse d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ catch -aqʷ PAST “The cat caught the mouse.” | (24) |
Conjunctions
Here is an example of a conjunction.
initial XML:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>kill</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>hunter</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>jaguar</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>tiger</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur">
<noun>lion</noun>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>kill</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>hunter</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>jaguar</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>tiger</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur"> - <noun>lion</noun> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> </conjp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <conjp conj="and"> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> </conjp> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> </conjp> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="plur">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/> </np> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="plur"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3"> <conjp conj="and"> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3"> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="plur" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/> </np> </conjp> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3">
<conjp conj="and">
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
+ <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
+ <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</conjp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flattenconjp:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3">
- <conjp conj="and">
- <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3">
+ <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
- <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+ <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
- <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+ <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- </conjp>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3">
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.3">
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3">
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.3">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3">
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme">
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
</np>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.3">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" role="obj" tr="rheme">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" role="obj" tr="rheme"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="lion"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.3">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="kill"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.3"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/case/optionalAbout to call getSlotValue for hunter/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for jaguar/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.3
About to call getSlotValue for tiger/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for tiger/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for lion/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for kill/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
</np>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" role="obj" tr="rheme">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" role="obj" tr="rheme"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme"/>
</np>
<word posp="conj" gloss="and"/>
<np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.3">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.3"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> - <s> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <flat> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/> - </np> - <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" role="obj" tr="rheme"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" role="obj" tr="rheme"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme"/> - </np> <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <np def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.3"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.3"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" role="obj" tr="rheme"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme"/> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.3"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2" ph="ɲ a t͡s a ˈ ʐ+k">ɲat͡saˈʐk</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="ɓ i">ɓi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" role="obj" tr="rheme" ph="z+tʷ a ɹˤ ɑ ̰ˈ kʼʷ">ztʷaɹˤɑ̰ˈkʼʷ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ᵏǀʼʷ a# ˈ sʷ">ᵏǀʼʷa#ˈsʷ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" ph="ɹʷ ɑ ɹʷ e ̰ˈ zʷ+ɢʷ">ɹʷɑɹʷḛˈzʷɢʷ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ᵏǀʼʷ a# ˈ sʷ">ᵏǀʼʷa#ˈsʷ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" ph="ɢ a sˤ+tˤ e# ̰ˈ zˤ+kʼʷ">ɢasˤtˤe#̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.3" ph="qʼʷ o ̰ˈ ɽ">qʼʷo̰ˈɽ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="conj1" translation="The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2" ph="ɲ a t͡s a ˈ ʐ+k">ɲat͡saˈʐk</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3" attach="prefix" ph="ɓ i">ɓi</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" role="obj" tr="rheme" ph="z+tʷ a ɹˤ ɑ ̰ˈ kʼʷ">ztʷaɹˤɑ̰ˈkʼʷ</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ᵏǀʼʷ a# ˈ sʷ">ᵏǀʼʷa#ˈsʷ</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" ph="ɹʷ ɑ ɹʷ e ̰ˈ zʷ+ɢʷ">ɹʷɑɹʷḛˈzʷɢʷ</word> - <word posp="conj" gloss="and" ph="ᵏǀʼʷ a# ˈ sʷ">ᵏǀʼʷa#ˈsʷ</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme" ph="ɢ a sˤ+tˤ e# ̰ˈ zˤ+kʼʷ">ɢasˤtˤe#̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.3" ph="qʼʷ o ̰ˈ ɽ">qʼʷo̰ˈɽ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="hunter" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">ɲat͡saˈʐk</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.3">ɓi</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="jaguar" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.3" role="obj" tr="rheme">ztʷaɹˤɑ̰ˈkʼʷ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ᵏǀʼʷa#ˈsʷ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="tiger" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme">ɹʷɑɹʷḛˈzʷɢʷ</word> + <word posp="conj" gloss="and">ᵏǀʼʷa#ˈsʷ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="lion" def="def" locus="number" gender="cl.4" role="obj" tr="rheme">ɢasˤtˤe#̰ˈzˤkʼʷ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="kill" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" obj="3.cl.3">qʼʷo̰ˈɽ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jɑ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɲaˈt͡saʐk</span><br><span class="gls">hunter</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɓi-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.3</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ztʷaɹˤɑ̰ˈkʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">jaguar</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀʼʷãsʷ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɹʷɑɹʷḛˈzʷɢʷ</span><br><span class="gls">tiger</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀʼʷãsʷ</span><br><span class="gls">and</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɢasˤtˤḛ̃ˈzˤkʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">lion</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">qʼʷo̰ˈɽ</span><br><span class="gls">kill</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span></p> + <p>jɑɲaˈt͡saʐk ɓiztʷaɹˤɑ̰ˈkʼʷ ˈᵏǀʼʷãsʷ ʐɨɹʷɑɹʷḛˈzʷɢʷ ˈᵏǀʼʷãsʷ ʐɨɢasˤtˤḛ̃ˈzˤkʼʷ qʼʷo̰ˈɽaqʷ</p> + <p>yåñatzarzk bbiztwaɹ̣å̀gqu ᵏǀʼwansw rzïɹwåɹwé̀zwħgw ᵏǀʼwansw rzïħgaṣṭéǹẓgqu gqwòrraqw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>jɑ-</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɲaˈt͡saʐk</o> + <g>hunter</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɓi-</o> + <g>cl.3</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ztʷaɹˤɑ̰ˈkʼʷ</o> + <g>jaguar</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀʼʷãsʷ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɹʷɑɹʷḛˈzʷɢʷ</o> + <g>tiger</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀʼʷãsʷ</o> + <g>and</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɢasˤtˤḛ̃ˈzˤkʼʷ</o> + <g>lion</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>qʼʷo̰ˈɽ</o> + <g>kill</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Yåñatzarzk bbiztwaɹ̣å̀gqu ᵏǀʼwansw rzïɹwåɹwé̀zwħgw ᵏǀʼwansw rzïħgaṣṭéǹẓgqu gqwòrraqw. [jɑɲaˈt͡saʐk ɓiztʷaɹˤɑ̰ˈkʼʷ ˈᵏǀʼʷãsʷ ʐɨɹʷɑɹʷḛˈzʷɢʷ ˈᵏǀʼʷãsʷ ʐɨɢasˤtˤḛ̃ˈzˤkʼʷ qʼʷo̰ˈɽaqʷ] jɑ- cl.2 ɲaˈt͡saʐk hunter ɓi- cl.3 ztʷaɹˤɑ̰ˈkʼʷ jaguar ˈᵏǀʼʷãsʷ and ʐɨ- cl.4 ɹʷɑɹʷḛˈzʷɢʷ tiger ˈᵏǀʼʷãsʷ and ʐɨ- cl.4 ɢasˤtˤḛ̃ˈzˤkʼʷ lion qʼʷo̰ˈɽ kill -aqʷ PAST “The hunter killed the jaguars, the tigers and the lions.” | (25) |
Modifiers and Determiners
The ordering of demonstratives, articles (if present), and other modifiers in Bozh provides further insight into the structure of the noun phrase. These elements frequently exhibit fixed positions and may reveal whether the language favours head-initial or head-final patterns.
Complex Sentences
Relative Clauses
Bozh forms relative clauses by placing them before the noun they modify. The modifier takes the form of a finite clause that precedes the head noun without any relative pronoun. The clause shows ordinary clausal structure, with the role of the head noun recoverable from the syntactic position inside the clause.
To illustrate how relative clauses work, let us begin with a simple sentence:
initial XML:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <s> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
No change.
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/optionalAbout to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> - <s> - <np def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <flat> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ʐ+dˤ o#ː ̰ˈ f">ʐdˤo#ː̰ˈf</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4" ph="ʃ e ʂ+kʼ ɯ ̰ˈ kʷ">ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="relp1" translation="I patted the cat."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ʐ+dˤ o#ː ̰ˈ f">ʐdˤo#ː̰ˈf</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4" ph="ʃ e ʂ+kʼ ɯ ̰ˈ kʷ">ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" tr="rheme" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">ʐdˤo#ː̰ˈf</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4">ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐdˤõː̰ˈf</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷ</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span></p> + <p>ʐɨʐdˤõː̰ˈf ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷaqʷ</p> + <p>rzïrzḍonoǹf shérsgkừquaqw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐdˤõː̰ˈf</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷ</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Rzïrzḍonoǹf shérsgkừquaqw. [ʐɨʐdˤõː̰ˈf ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷaqʷ] ʐɨ- cl.4 ʐdˤõː̰ˈf cat ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷ pat -aqʷ PAST “I patted the cat.” | (26) |
We can now add a relative clause modifying the noun:
initial XML:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" gender="cl.4">
<subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" gender="cl.4">
+ <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
<subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> <subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" gender="cl.4">
<subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> <subs> <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> <subs> <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<np role="obj" gender="cl.4">
<subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <s> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> <subs> <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/optionalAbout to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse.">
<s>
<subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> - <s> - <subs> - <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <flat> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="sˤ+ʔ ɨ ʂ+ʈʼ i# ̰ˈ sˤ+k">sˤʔɨʂʈʼi#̰ˈsˤk</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4" ph="d͡ʒ ɨ ̰ˈ ʐ">d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ʐ+dˤ o#ː ̰ˈ f">ʐdˤo#ː̰ˈf</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4" ph="ʃ e ʂ+kʼ ɯ ̰ˈ kʷ">ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="relp2" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="sˤ+ʔ ɨ ʂ+ʈʼ i# ̰ˈ sˤ+k">sˤʔɨʂʈʼi#̰ˈsˤk</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4" ph="d͡ʒ ɨ ̰ˈ ʐ">d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ʐ+dˤ o#ː ̰ˈ f">ʐdˤo#ː̰ˈf</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4" ph="ʃ e ʂ+kʼ ɯ ̰ˈ kʷ">ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">sˤʔɨʂʈʼi#̰ˈsˤk</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4">d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">ʐdˤo#ː̰ˈf</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4">ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐdˤõː̰ˈf</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷ</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span></p> + <p>ʐɨsˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐaqʷ ʐɨʐdˤõː̰ˈf ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷaqʷ</p> + <p>rzïṣ’ïrsʈʼiǹṣk jï̀rzaqw rzïrzḍonoǹf shérsgkừquaqw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐdˤõː̰ˈf</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷ</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Rzïṣ’ïrsʈʼiǹṣk jï̀rzaqw rzïrzḍonoǹf shérsgkừquaqw. [ʐɨsˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐaqʷ ʐɨʐdˤõː̰ˈf ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷaqʷ] ʐɨ- cl.4 sˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk mouse d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ catch -aqʷ PAST ʐɨ- cl.4 ʐdˤõː̰ˈf cat ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷ pat -aqʷ PAST “I patted the cat that caught the mouse.” | (27) |
Relative clauses may themselves contain other relative clauses:
initial XML:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj">
<noun>cheese</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj"> - <noun>cheese</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
- </relp>
</np>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
No change.
submodule transform_verb_obj<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="eat₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="eat₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
+ <thingy gloss="eat₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
+ <thingy gloss="eat₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
+ </word>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
- </np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np role="obj"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb"> <thingy gloss="eat₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="eat₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> </word> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
No change.
module addgender:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" gender="cl.4">
<subs>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" gender="cl.4">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="eat₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="eat₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" gender="cl.4">
+ <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
<subs>
- <np role="obj" gender="cl.4">
+ <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="eat₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="eat₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> <subs> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb"> <thingy gloss="eat₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="eat₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> </word> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" gender="cl.4">
<subs>
<np role="obj" gender="cl.4">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="eat₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="eat₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> <subs> <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb"> <thingy gloss="eat₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="eat₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> </word> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> <subs> <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb"> <thingy gloss="eat₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="eat₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> </word> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<np role="obj" gender="cl.4">
<subs>
<np role="obj" gender="cl.4">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
<thingy gloss="eat₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="eat₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <s> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> <subs> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb"> <thingy gloss="eat₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> <thingy gloss="eat₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> </word> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
No change.
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<subs>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb">
+ <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<thingy gloss="eat₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="eat₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/verb/voice/optionalGot active
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.">
<s>
<subs>
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<thingy gloss="eat₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/>
<thingy gloss="eat₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/>
</word>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> - <s> - <subs> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <flat> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy gloss="eat₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> + <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy gloss="eat₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> - </word> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <thingy gloss="eat₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb"/> - <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy gloss="eat₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy gloss="eat₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph="dʷ ɯ">dʷɯ</thingy> + <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɹʷ ɑ sˤ+ʔ ə ̰ˈ ɻ">ɹʷɑsˤʔə̰ˈɻ</word> + <thingy gloss="eat₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="sˤ+ʔ ɨ ʂ+ʈʼ i# ̰ˈ sˤ+k">sˤʔɨʂʈʼi#̰ˈsˤk</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4" ph="d͡ʒ ɨ ̰ˈ ʐ">d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ʐ+dˤ o#ː ̰ˈ f">ʐdˤo#ː̰ˈf</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4" ph="ʃ e ʂ+kʼ ɯ ̰ˈ kʷ">ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="relp3" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese."> <flat> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy gloss="eat₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb" attach="prefix" ph="dʷ ɯ">dʷɯ</thingy> - <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="ɹʷ ɑ sˤ+ʔ ə ̰ˈ ɻ">ɹʷɑsˤʔə̰ˈɻ</word> - <thingy gloss="eat₂" type="nounverbderivaft" origposp="verb" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="sˤ+ʔ ɨ ʂ+ʈʼ i# ̰ˈ sˤ+k">sˤʔɨʂʈʼi#̰ˈsˤk</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4" ph="d͡ʒ ɨ ̰ˈ ʐ">d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ʐ+dˤ o#ː ̰ˈ f">ʐdˤo#ː̰ˈf</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4" ph="ʃ e ʂ+kʼ ɯ ̰ˈ kʷ">ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy gloss="eat₁" type="nounverbderivbef" origposp="verb">dʷɯ</thingy> + <word gloss="cheese" lexposp="noun" posp="verb" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">ɹʷɑsˤʔə̰ˈɻ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">sˤʔɨʂʈʼi#̰ˈsˤk</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="3.cl.4">d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">ʐdˤo#ː̰ˈf</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="3.cl.4">ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dʷɯ-</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɹʷɑsˤʔə̰ˈɻ</span><br><span class="gls">cheese</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐdˤõː̰ˈf</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷ</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span></p> + <p>dʷɯɹʷɑsˤʔə̰ˈɻaqʷ ʐɨsˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐaqʷ ʐɨʐdˤõː̰ˈf ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷaqʷ</p> + <p>dwưɹwåṣ’èɻaqw rzïṣ’ïrsʈʼiǹṣk jï̀rzaqw rzïrzḍonoǹf shérsgkừquaqw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>dʷɯ-</o> + <g>eat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɹʷɑsˤʔə̰ˈɻ</o> + <g>cheese</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐdˤõː̰ˈf</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷ</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Dwưɹwåṣ’èɻaqw rzïṣ’ïrsʈʼiǹṣk jï̀rzaqw rzïrzḍonoǹf shérsgkừquaqw. [dʷɯɹʷɑsˤʔə̰ˈɻaqʷ ʐɨsˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐaqʷ ʐɨʐdˤõː̰ˈf ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷaqʷ] dʷɯ- eat ɹʷɑsˤʔə̰ˈɻ cheese -aqʷ PAST ʐɨ- cl.4 sˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk mouse d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ catch -aqʷ PAST ʐɨ- cl.4 ʐdˤõː̰ˈf cat ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷ pat -aqʷ PAST “I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese.” | (28) |
Finally, here is an example containing several layers of embedding:
initial XML:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>pat</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>catch</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>cat</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>eat</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this">
<noun>mouse</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<relp>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>buy</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this">
<noun>cheese</noun>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</relp>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>pat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>catch</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>cat</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>eat</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this"> - <noun>mouse</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>buy</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this"> - <noun>cheese</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <relp> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </relp> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" head="this" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
- </np>
<np role="obj">
- <relp>
+ <subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" head="this" locus="number">
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
- </relp>
</np>
- </relp>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
- </relp>
</np>
+ </subs>
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ </np>
+ </np>
</s>
</example>
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
<np role="obj">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ </np>
+ <np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
- </np>
</subs>
+ </np>
+ </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> - </vp> <np role="obj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> - </vp> <np role="obj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> + </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> + </vp> </subs> <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<np role="obj">
<subs>
<np role="obj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="owner" number="sing">
+ <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module addgender:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" gender="cl.4">
<subs>
- <np role="obj">
+ <np role="obj" gender="cl.4">
<subs>
- <np role="obj">
- <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np role="obj" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
+ <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
- <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number">
+ <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" gender="cl.4">
+ <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
<subs>
- <np role="obj" gender="cl.4">
+ <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="sing">
<subs>
<np role="obj" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> <subs> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" number="sing"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> <subs> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.3"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" number="sing" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" gender="cl.4">
<subs>
<np role="obj" gender="cl.4">
<subs>
<np role="obj" gender="cl.3">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3">
<np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/> </np> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" person="1excl"> <subs> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" person="1excl"> <subs> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="obj" gender="cl.3" person="1excl"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> - <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"> + <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
prodrop:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np def="neither" role="subj" locus="number" person="1excl"> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" person="1excl"> <subs> <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" person="1excl"> <subs> <np role="obj" gender="cl.3" person="1excl"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl"> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
addclitics:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<np role="obj" gender="cl.4" person="1excl">
<subs>
<np role="obj" gender="cl.4" person="1excl">
<subs>
<np role="obj" gender="cl.3" person="1excl">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3">
<np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <s> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" person="1excl"> <subs> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.4" person="1excl"> <subs> - <np role="obj" gender="cl.3" person="1excl"> <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/> </np> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> - <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/> </vp> </subs> - <np def="def" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl"> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/> </np> - </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/> </vp> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<subs>
<subs>
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3">
- <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
+ <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" gender="cl.3">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
- </np>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl">
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl">
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<subs>
<subs>
<np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" gender="cl.3">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="buy"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="eat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="catch"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="cat"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="pat"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for buy/verb/voice/optionalGot active
About to call getSlotValue for buy/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for buy/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for buy/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for cheese/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for eat/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for mouse/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for catch/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for cat/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for pat/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.">
<s>
<subs>
<subs>
<np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" gender="cl.3">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
<np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> - <s> - <subs> - <subs> - <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" gender="cl.3"> + <flat> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"/> - </np> - <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3"> - <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </subs> - <np def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <flat> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" ph="zʷ+qʼ aː ˈ sʷ+kʼʷ">zʷqʼaːˈsʷkʼʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="s+ʔ ɑː ˈ z+qʼ">sʔɑːˈzqʼ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl" ph="ɹʷ ɑ sˤ+ʔ ə ̰ˈ ɻ">ɹʷɑsˤʔə̰ˈɻ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl" ph="sˤ+p ɑ# ˈ ʒ+t">sˤpɑ#ˈʒt</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl" ph="sˤ+ʔ ɨ ʂ+ʈʼ i# ̰ˈ sˤ+k">sˤʔɨʂʈʼi#̰ˈsˤk</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl" ph="d͡ʒ ɨ ̰ˈ ʐ">d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl" ph="ʐ+dˤ o#ː ̰ˈ f">ʐdˤo#ː̰ˈf</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl" ph="ʃ e ʂ+kʼ ɯ ̰ˈ kʷ">ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="relp4" translation="I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought."> <flat> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" ph="zʷ+qʼ aː ˈ sʷ+kʼʷ">zʷqʼaːˈsʷkʼʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" ph="s+ʔ ɑː ˈ z+qʼ">sʔɑːˈzqʼ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl" ph="ɹʷ ɑ sˤ+ʔ ə ̰ˈ ɻ">ɹʷɑsˤʔə̰ˈɻ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl" ph="sˤ+p ɑ# ˈ ʒ+t">sˤpɑ#ˈʒt</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl" ph="sˤ+ʔ ɨ ʂ+ʈʼ i# ̰ˈ sˤ+k">sˤʔɨʂʈʼi#̰ˈsˤk</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl" ph="d͡ʒ ɨ ̰ˈ ʐ">d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl" ph="ʐ+dˤ o#ː ̰ˈ f">ʐdˤo#ː̰ˈf</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl" ph="ʃ e ʂ+kʼ ɯ ̰ˈ kʷ">ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">zʷqʼaːˈsʷkʼʷ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="buy" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">sʔɑːˈzqʼ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cheese" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl">ɹʷɑsˤʔə̰ˈɻ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="eat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">sˤpɑ#ˈʒt</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="mouse" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl">sˤʔɨʂʈʼi#̰ˈsˤk</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="catch" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" obj="1excl">d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="cat" def="def" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" person="1excl">ʐdˤo#ː̰ˈf</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="pat" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="1excl" obj="1excl">ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈzʷqʼaːsʷkʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsʔɑːzqʼ</span><br><span class="gls">buy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɹʷɑsˤʔə̰ˈɻ</span><br><span class="gls">cheese</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈsˤpɑ̃ʒt</span><br><span class="gls">eat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk</span><br><span class="gls">mouse</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</span><br><span class="gls">catch</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐdˤõː̰ˈf</span><br><span class="gls">cat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷ</span><br><span class="gls">pat</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span></p> + <p>ˈzʷqʼaːsʷkʼʷ ˈsʔɑːzqʼaqʷ ʐɨɹʷɑsˤʔə̰ˈɻ ˈsˤpɑ̃ʒtaqʷ ʐɨsˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐaqʷ ʐɨʐdˤõː̰ˈf ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷaqʷ</p> + <p>zwgqaaswgqu s’ååzgqaqw rzïɹwåṣ’èɻ ṣpånzhtaqw rzïṣ’ïrsʈʼiǹṣk jï̀rzaqw rzïrzḍonoǹf shérsgkừquaqw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>ˈzʷqʼaːsʷkʼʷ</o> + <g>1excl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsʔɑːzqʼ</o> + <g>buy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɹʷɑsˤʔə̰ˈɻ</o> + <g>cheese</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈsˤpɑ̃ʒt</o> + <g>eat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk</o> + <g>mouse</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ</o> + <g>catch</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐdˤõː̰ˈf</o> + <g>cat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷ</o> + <g>pat</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Zwgqaaswgqu s’ååzgqaqw rzïɹwåṣ’èɻ ṣpånzhtaqw rzïṣ’ïrsʈʼiǹṣk jï̀rzaqw rzïrzḍonoǹf shérsgkừquaqw. [ˈzʷqʼaːsʷkʼʷ ˈsʔɑːzqʼaqʷ ʐɨɹʷɑsˤʔə̰ˈɻ ˈsˤpɑ̃ʒtaqʷ ʐɨsˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐaqʷ ʐɨʐdˤõː̰ˈf ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷaqʷ] ˈzʷqʼaːsʷkʼʷ 1excl ˈsʔɑːzqʼ buy -aqʷ PAST ʐɨ- cl.4 ɹʷɑsˤʔə̰ˈɻ cheese ˈsˤpɑ̃ʒt eat -aqʷ PAST ʐɨ- cl.4 sˤʔɨʂʈʼḭ̃ˈsˤk mouse d͡ʒɨ̰ˈʐ catch -aqʷ PAST ʐɨ- cl.4 ʐdˤõː̰ˈf cat ʃeʂkʼɯ̰ˈkʷ pat -aqʷ PAST “I patted the cat that caught the mouse that ate the cheese that I bought.” | (29) |
Complementation Strategies
Bozh forms complement clauses by nominalising the embedded verb. The nominalised form lacks finite verbal categories and behaves as a noun phrase. Subjects of nominalised clauses occur in the genitive case, and the nominalised verb establishes the semantic content of the complement.
The following example illustrate how complement clauses function:
initial XML:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>surprise</verb>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>give</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj">
<noun>apple</noun>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj">
<noun>teacher</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>surprise</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>give</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj"> - <noun>apple</noun> + <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </subs> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj"> - <noun>teacher</noun> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
- <np number="sing" def="indef" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
module nonpastonly:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> <np role="subj"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
<np role="subj">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ </np>
+ <np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
- </np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
+ </np>
+ </np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> - </vp> <np role="subj"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> - </vp> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + </np> <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> - </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> + </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
- <np role="owner" number="sing">
+ <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module addgender:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <np role="subj"> - <np type="owner_owned"> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number"> + <np role="subj" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2"> + <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.3"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" gender="cl.3" number="sing">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="sing">
<np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module simplifynumber:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <np role="subj" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np role="subj" gender="cl.3"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np number="sing" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> - <np number="sing" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> + <np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" gender="cl.3">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2">
<np def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
No change.
copyuptophrase:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" gender="cl.3">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2">
<np def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" indobj="3.cl.4">
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np role="subj" gender="cl.3">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2">
<np def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" indobj="3.cl.4">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <np role="subj" gender="cl.3"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" role="subj"> <np def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> - </np> <np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" indobj="3.cl.4"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> </s> </example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <s> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.2" role="subj"> <np def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> <np role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word gloss="a" posp="det"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/> </vp> </subs> </np> - </np> <np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" indobj="3.cl.4"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/> </vp> </s> </example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
- <word gloss="a" posp="det"/>
- <word posp="noun" gloss="apple"/>
+ <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="give"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" indobj="3.cl.4">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" indobj="3.cl.4"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
calling defaultval for case/defaultval: det, case
returning NOM
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/case/optionalAbout to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/case/obligatory
Got NOM
About to call getSlotValue for a/det/gender/obligatory
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for apple/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for give/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for give/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for give/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for give/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for teacher/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for teacher/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.4
About to call getSlotValue for surprise/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for surprise/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for surprise/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for surprise/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.">
<s>
<np def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+ <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/>
<word gloss="a" posp="det" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="apple" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" indobj="3.cl.4">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" indobj="3.cl.4"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> - <s> - <np def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <flat> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/> - </np> - <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3"> - <subs> - <np def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> - </np> - <np role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <np def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" indobj="3.cl.4"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" indobj="3.cl.4"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> - <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM"/> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.4"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" indobj="3.cl.4"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2" ph="dʷ ɨ ̰ˈ ɡʷ">dʷɨ̰ˈɡʷ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="ᵑǀʼˤ aː ˈ rʷ">ᵑǀʼˤaːˈrʷ</word> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ɯ# ˈ">ɯ#ˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="sˤ+t">sˤt</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="sʷ+tˤ ə# ʃ e ˈ dʷ">sʷtˤə#ʃeˈdʷ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4" ph="d͡z ɯː ̰ˈ f">d͡zɯː̰ˈf</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="s e ʂ aː ŋ">seʂaːŋ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" indobj="3.cl.4" ph="kʼʷ ᵊ ɗ i# ˈ sʷ+tʼˤ">kʼʷᵊɗi#ˈsʷtʼˤ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="comp1" translation="It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2" ph="dʷ ɨ ̰ˈ ɡʷ">dʷɨ̰ˈɡʷ</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="ᵑǀʼˤ aː ˈ rʷ">ᵑǀʼˤaːˈrʷ</word> - <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM" attach="prefix" ph="k">k</thingy> - <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="ɯ# ˈ">ɯ#ˈ</word> - <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4" attach="suffix" ph="sˤ+t">sˤt</thingy> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="sʷ+tˤ ə# ʃ e ˈ dʷ">sʷtˤə#ʃeˈdʷ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4" ph="d͡z ɯː ̰ˈ f">d͡zɯː̰ˈf</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4" attach="prefix" ph="ʐ ɨ">ʐɨ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.4" ph="s e ʂ aː ŋ">seʂaːŋ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" indobj="3.cl.4" ph="kʼʷ ᵊ ɗ i# ˈ sʷ+tʼˤ">kʼʷᵊɗi#ˈsʷtʼˤ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" head="this" role="owned" locus="number" gender="cl.2">dʷɨ̰ˈɡʷ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" role="indobj" tr="rheme" locus="number" gender="cl.1">ᵑǀʼˤaːˈrʷ</word> + <thingy type="detcase" function="prefix" gloss="NOM">k</thingy> + <word gloss="a" posp="det" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">ɯ#ˈ</word> + <thingy type="detgender" function="suffix" gloss="cl.4">sˤt</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="apple" role="obj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">sʷtˤə#ʃeˈdʷ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="give" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="3.cl.4">d͡zɯː̰ˈf</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.4">ʐɨ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="teacher" def="def" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.4">seʂaːŋ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="surprise" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.3" indobj="3.cl.4">kʼʷᵊɗi#ˈsʷtʼˤ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jɑ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dʷɨ̰ˈɡʷ</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵑǀʼˤaːrʷ</span><br><span class="gls">girl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">k-</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">NOM</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈɯ̃</span><br><span class="gls">a</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-sˤt</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">sʷtˤə̃ˈʃedʷ</span><br><span class="gls">apple</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">d͡zɯː̰ˈf</span><br><span class="gls">give</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ʐɨ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.4</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">seʂaːŋ</span><br><span class="gls">teacher</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">kʼʷᵊˈɗĩsʷtʼˤ</span><br><span class="gls">surprise</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span></p> + <p>jɑdʷɨ̰ˈɡʷ ˈᵑǀʼˤaːrʷ ˈkɯ̃sˤt ʐɨsʷtˤə̃ˈʃedʷ d͡zɯː̰ˈfaqʷ ʐɨseʂaːŋ kʼʷᵊˈɗĩsʷtʼˤaqʷ</p> + <p>yådwï̀gw ᵑǀʼ̣aarw kưnṣt rzïswṭẽshédw dzưừfaqw rzïsérsaang gquddinswdṭaqw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>jɑ-</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dʷɨ̰ˈɡʷ</o> + <g>boy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵑǀʼˤaːrʷ</o> + <g>girl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>k-</o> + <g>NOM</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈɯ̃</o> + <g>a</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-sˤt</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>sʷtˤə̃ˈʃedʷ</o> + <g>apple</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>d͡zɯː̰ˈf</o> + <g>give</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ʐɨ-</o> + <g>cl.4</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>seʂaːŋ</o> + <g>teacher</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>kʼʷᵊˈɗĩsʷtʼˤ</o> + <g>surprise</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Yådwï̀gw ᵑǀʼ̣aarw kưnṣt rzïswṭẽshédw dzưừfaqw rzïsérsaang gquddinswdṭaqw. [jɑdʷɨ̰ˈɡʷ ˈᵑǀʼˤaːrʷ ˈkɯ̃sˤt ʐɨsʷtˤə̃ˈʃedʷ d͡zɯː̰ˈfaqʷ ʐɨseʂaːŋ kʼʷᵊˈɗĩsʷtʼˤaqʷ] jɑ- cl.2 dʷɨ̰ˈɡʷ boy ˈᵑǀʼˤaːrʷ girl k- NOM ˈɯ̃ a -sˤt cl.4 ʐɨ- cl.4 sʷtˤə̃ˈʃedʷ apple d͡zɯː̰ˈf give -aqʷ PAST ʐɨ- cl.4 seʂaːŋ teacher kʼʷᵊˈɗĩsʷtʼˤ surprise -aqʷ PAST “It surprised the teacher that the boy had given the girl an apple.” | (30) |
Quotes
Bozh employs a quotative particle to mark direct and indirect speech. The quotative follows the reported phrase and identifies the preceding expression as quoted or reported. The same construction is also used to express reported thoughts.
Here is an example of how quotations are expressed:
initial XML:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp tam="past-punct">
<verb>tell</verb>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj">
<noun>boy</noun>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<subs>
<vp tam="gnomic">
<verb>love</verb>
</vp>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj">
<pron person="1excl" number="sing"/>
</np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj">
<pron person="2" number="sing"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj">
<noun>girl</noun>
</np>
</s>
</example>cleanup:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <vp tam="past-punct"> - <verb>tell</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj"> - <noun>boy</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <subs> - <vp tam="gnomic"> - <verb>love</verb> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj"> - <pron person="1excl" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj"> - <pron person="2" number="sing"/> + <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </subs> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj"> - <noun>girl</noun> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module adj2verb:
No change.
module articles:
No change.
module nonpastonly:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active"> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> </subs> </np> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> </s> </example>
module noepistemic:
No change.
module RelN:
No change.
module sentenceconnectors:
No change.
module nominalise:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
+ <np type="owner_owned">
+ <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
+ </np>
+ <np role="owner" number="sing">
<subs>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
- <np number="sing" def="neither" role="subj" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
- </np>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
</subs>
</np>
+ </np>
+ </np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
</s>
</example>
tva1tva2
tva1
tva2
module affixdensity:
No change.
module adpositions:
No change.
module constorder:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> - </vp> <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> + </np> <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> <np type="owner_owned"> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <np role="owner" number="sing"> <subs> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> - </vp> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> + </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> - </np> + <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> + </vp> </s> </example>
module casemarking:
No change.
module markowner:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme">
<np type="owner_owned">
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
<word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
- <np role="owner" number="sing">
+ <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN">
<subs>
<np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
<word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
module addgender:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number"> + <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme"> - <np type="owner_owned"> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"> <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN"> + <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.3"> <subs> <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> </s> </example>
module propagatenumber:
No change.
module simplifynumber:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <s> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/> </np> - <np def="def" number="sing" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> + <np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/> </np> - <np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> - <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" number="sing"> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"> - <word person="1excl" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3"> + <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3"> + <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number"> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/> </np> - <np role="owner" number="sing" case="GEN" gender="cl.3"> + <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3"> <subs> - <np number="sing" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> - <word person="2" number="sing" posp="pron"/> + <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"> + <word person="2" posp="pron"/> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES"> <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/> </vp> </subs> </np> </np> </np> <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST"> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/> </vp> </s> </example>
createpronouns:
No change.
module ngen:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module wordorder:
No change.
module conjp:
No change.
flattenconjp:
No change.
fixpronouns:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3">
<np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3">
<subs>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
- <word person="2" posp="pron"/>
+ <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
copyuptophrase:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3">
+ <np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" person="1excl">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3">
- <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number">
+ <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
- <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3">
+ <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3" person="2">
<subs>
- <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">
+ <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2">
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
- <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST">
+ <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="1excl">
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
prodrop:
No change.
addclitics:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
<np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" person="1excl">
<np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3">
<np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3" person="2">
<subs>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="1excl">
+ <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
propagateArgumentCase:
No change.
unwrapArgumentNPs:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
- <np role="obj" tr="rheme" gender="cl.3" person="1excl">
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3">
+ <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" role="obj" tr="rheme" person="1excl">
<np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3" person="2">
<subs>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
</np>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
unwrapOwnerOwned:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
</np>
- <np type="owner_owned" gender="cl.3" role="obj" tr="rheme" person="1excl">
- <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl">
+ <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3" person="2">
<subs>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
- </np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
movedowntoword:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="boy"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
- <word posp="noun" gloss="girl"/>
+ <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/>
</np>
<np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme">
- <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3" person="2">
<subs>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" person="2">
- <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4"/>
+ <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="love"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
- <word posp="verb" gloss="tell"/>
+ <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="1excl"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
addaffixes:
About to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/case/optionalAbout to call getSlotValue for boy/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.2
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/case/optional
About to call getSlotValue for girl/noun/gender/optional
Got cl.1
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/ta/optional
Got PRES
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for love/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
About to call getSlotValue for tell/verb/voice/optional
Got active
About to call getSlotValue for tell/verb/ta/optional
Got PAST
About to call getSlotValue for tell/verb/negation/optional
Got POS
About to call getSlotValue for tell/verb/question/optional
Got not.Q
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her.">
<s>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/>
</np>
<np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">
+ <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/>
<word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/>
</np>
<np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme">
<word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme"/>
</np>
<np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3" person="2">
<subs>
<np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" person="2">
<word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"/>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</subs>
</np>
<vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="1excl">
<thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/>
+ <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/>
<word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="1excl"/>
+ <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/>
+ <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/>
+ <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/>
</vp>
</s>
</example>
flatten:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> - <s> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"> + <flat> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/> - </np> - <np def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"> <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> - </np> - <np def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" person="1excl" gender="cl.3" tr="rheme"> <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme"/> - </np> - <np role="owner" case="GEN" gender="cl.3" person="2"> - <subs> - <np def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" person="2"> <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"/> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </subs> - </np> - <vp negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="1excl"> <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="1excl"/> <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - </vp> - </s> + </flat> </example>
addvocab:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2"/> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1"/> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.1"/> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme"/> - <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative"/> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active"/> - <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="1excl"/> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST"/> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS"/> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q"/> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2" ph="dʷ ɨ ̰ˈ ɡʷ">dʷɨ̰ˈɡʷ</word> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="ᵑǀʼˤ aː ˈ rʷ">ᵑǀʼˤaːˈrʷ</word> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" ph="zʷ+qʼ aː ˈ sʷ+kʼʷ">zʷqʼaːˈsʷkʼʷ</word> + <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" ph="ᵏǁʼ i ̰ˈ ʐ+pʼ">ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ</word> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2" ph="ᵏǀʼʷ o# ˈ sˤ+p">ᵏǀʼʷo#ˈsˤp</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="1excl" ph="ɢʷ i ̰ˈ ɡ">ɢʷḭˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> + <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> </flat> </example>
vowelharmony:
No change.
removetags:
<example id="quot1" translation="The boy told the girl that he loved her."> <flat> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2" attach="prefix" ph="j ɑ">jɑ</thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2" ph="dʷ ɨ ̰ˈ ɡʷ">dʷɨ̰ˈɡʷ</word> - <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.1" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.1" ph="ᵑǀʼˤ aː ˈ rʷ">ᵑǀʼˤaːˈrʷ</word> - <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme" ph="zʷ+qʼ aː ˈ sʷ+kʼʷ">zʷqʼaːˈsʷkʼʷ</word> - <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number" ph="ᵏǁʼ i ̰ˈ ʐ+pʼ">ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ</word> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2" ph="ᵏǀʼʷ o# ˈ sˤ+p">ᵏǀʼʷo#ˈsˤp</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PRES" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="vpmode" function="proclitic" gloss="indicative" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbvoice" function="prefix" gloss="active" attach="prefix" ph=""></thingy> - <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="1excl" ph="ɢʷ i ̰ˈ ɡ">ɢʷḭˈɡ</word> - <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST" attach="suffix" ph="a qʷ">aqʷ</thingy> - <thingy type="verbnegation" function="suffix" gloss="POS" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> - <thingy type="verbquestion" function="suffix" gloss="not.Q" attach="suffix" ph=""></thingy> + <thingy type="noungender" function="prefix" gloss="cl.2">jɑ</thingy> + <word posp="noun" gloss="boy" def="def" tr="theme" role="subj" locus="number" gender="cl.2">dʷɨ̰ˈɡʷ</word> + <word posp="noun" gloss="girl" def="def" tr="theme" role="indobj" locus="number" gender="cl.1">ᵑǀʼˤaːˈrʷ</word> + <word person="1excl" posp="pron" gloss="1excl" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="owned" locus="number" tr="rheme">zʷqʼaːˈsʷkʼʷ</word> + <word person="2" posp="pron" gloss="2" gender="cl.4" def="neither" role="obj" locus="number">ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="love" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="gnomic" asp="imperfective" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PRES" obj="2">ᵏǀʼʷo#ˈsˤp</word> + <word posp="verb" gloss="tell" negation="POS" question="not.Q" tense="past" asp="action" mode="indicative" voice="active" ta="PAST" subj="3.cl.2" indobj="3.cl.1" obj="1excl">ɢʷḭˈɡ</word> + <thingy type="verbta" function="suffix" gloss="PAST">aqʷ</thingy> </flat> + <p><span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">jɑ-</span><br><span class="gls">cl.2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">dʷɨ̰ˈɡʷ</span><br><span class="gls">boy</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵑǀʼˤaːrʷ</span><br><span class="gls">girl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈzʷqʼaːsʷkʼʷ</span><br><span class="gls">1excl</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ</span><br><span class="gls">2</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ˈᵏǀʼʷõsˤp</span><br><span class="gls">love</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">ɢʷḭˈɡ</span><br><span class="gls">tell</span></span> <span class="ilpair"><span class="mor">-aqʷ</span><br><span class="gls"><span class="glssc">PAST</span></span></span></p> + <p>jɑdʷɨ̰ˈɡʷ ˈᵑǀʼˤaːrʷ ˈzʷqʼaːsʷkʼʷ ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ ˈᵏǀʼʷõsˤp ɢʷḭˈɡaqʷ</p> + <p>yådwï̀gw ᵑǀʼ̣aarw zwgqaaswgqu ᵏǁʼìrzbp ᵏǀʼwonṣp ħgwìgaqw</p> + <il> + <w> + <o>jɑ-</o> + <g>cl.2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>dʷɨ̰ˈɡʷ</o> + <g>boy</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵑǀʼˤaːrʷ</o> + <g>girl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈzʷqʼaːsʷkʼʷ</o> + <g>1excl</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ</o> + <g>2</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ˈᵏǀʼʷõsˤp</o> + <g>love</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>ɢʷḭˈɡ</o> + <g>tell</g> + </w> + <w> + <o>-aqʷ</o> + <g>PAST</g> + </w> + </il> </example>
Yådwï̀gw ᵑǀʼ̣aarw zwgqaaswgqu ᵏǁʼìrzbp ᵏǀʼwonṣp ħgwìgaqw. [jɑdʷɨ̰ˈɡʷ ˈᵑǀʼˤaːrʷ ˈzʷqʼaːsʷkʼʷ ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ ˈᵏǀʼʷõsˤp ɢʷḭˈɡaqʷ] jɑ- cl.2 dʷɨ̰ˈɡʷ boy ˈᵑǀʼˤaːrʷ girl ˈzʷqʼaːsʷkʼʷ 1excl ᵏǁʼḭˈʐpʼ 2 ˈᵏǀʼʷõsˤp love ɢʷḭˈɡ tell -aqʷ PAST “The boy told the girl that he loved her.” | (31) |
How to cite this grammar
Language Creator. 2026. A Grammar of Bozh. Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 3 November 2026. https://languagecreator.org/grammar/6HHAX
In BibTeX format:
@misc{LC-6HHAX,
year = 2026,
author = {{Language Creator}},
title = {A Grammar of {Bozh}},
howpublished = {\url{https://languagecreator.org/grammar/6HHAX}},
note = {Generated by the Language Creator, version 0.92, on 3 November 2026}
}
Supplementary Materials
A collection of illustrative texts and a bilingual dictionary (English–Bozh / Bozh–English) accompany this grammar. The complete work – comprising the grammar, dictionary and texts – may also be downloaded in ODT or DOCX format.
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https://languagecreator.org/grammar/6HHAX
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